antibodies and types of immunity

describe the differences between active and passive immunity (5)

can you label this antibody?

yes

how do antibodies help to destroy pathogens?

• bind and neutralise toxins

• agglutination

what is agglutination? why is it significant?

• antibodies are flexible, which cause pathogens to clump together

• → this makes the pathogens easier to locate and destroy by phagocytes

draw the shape of the primary/secondary immune response graph:

explain the shape of the primary/secondary immune response graph:

primary immune response:

• takes time for clonal selection and expansion of specific T and B cells

• antibodies do not begin to appear in the blood for several days after the foreign antigen enters the body (this is when symptoms occur)

• some B cells differentiate during clonal expansion into plasma cells and memory cells but plasma cells are short lived :(

secondary immune response:

• B memory cells recognise antigen and quickly / and differentiate into plasma cells and more memory cells

• very quick response → pathogens killed before symptoms develop

what is active immunity?

immunity developed after immune system makes its own antibodies

what is natural active immunity?

immunity developed after immune system makes its own antibodies following infection

what is artificial active immunity?

immunity developed after immune system makes its own antibodies following vaccination

what is passive immunity?

immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from another organism

what is natural passive immunity?

immunity acquired by transmission of antibodies from mother to baby

what is artificial passive immunity?

antibodies transfused/injected into an individual

what is vaccination?

• injection of a(n) antigen/proteins/dead/weakened microorganism/pathogen/virus

• stimulates production of antibodies/plasma cells/memory cells

which type of immunity does a vaccine provide?

• artificial active immunity

• as body is stimulated to produce an immune response, producing its own antibodies

what may be injected in a vaccination?

• dead/inactivated pathogens

• attenuated (weakened) pathogen strains

• harmless version of a toxin

• isolated antigens from a pathogen

• genetically engineered antigens

what is herd immunity?

where those not vaccinated are protected as a large proportion of the population is vaccinated

how does herd immunity work?

• large proportion of pop vaccinated and immune

• → reduces change of non vaccinated individuals coming into contact w/ pathogen

• fewer individuals infected

why may vaccines not eliminate disease?

• immunity failure

• pre immunity infection

• antigenic variability

• pathogen variants

• pathogen ‘hiding’

• personal/religious/ethical/medical objections