1.3.4 Change and inequalities in deindustrialised urban places

What is one major impact of deindustrialization in urban areas?

Unemployment due to the removal of jobs.

Which urban area experienced a significant impact from deindustrialization in the 1980s, leading to high unemployment rates?

Consett (NE England) experienced high unemployment due to the steelworks closure.

What cycle is created by unemployment resulting from deindustrialization?

A 'spiral of decline' or cycle of deprivation.

What happens to factories and services as a result of the cycle of deprivation?

Factories close, land becomes derelict, services close, and jobs are lost.

What is a consequence of deindustrialization on income?

Lack of income due to unemployment, leading to lower-paid or part-time jobs.

How does deindustrialization impact employment opportunities?

There are limited job opportunities, often requiring retraining or unskilled labor.

What health issues may arise due to deindustrialization?

Increased stress-related illnesses and poor living conditions, though some atmospheric pollution may decrease.

How does deindustrialization affect access to education?

Access to good schools may be limited, and education may not be considered worthwhile.

What is a social consequence of deindustrialization related to housing?

Lack of income limits access to housing, leading to the closure of services.

What correlation exists between deprivation and crime rates?

Areas with high levels of deprivation often experience higher crime rates, especially among young people.

How does poverty affect living environments in deindustrialized areas?

Only poorly maintained and low-quality housing is available, often in polluted areas.

What social issue arises from economic exclusion in urban areas?

Excluded groups cluster in socio-economic areas based on affordability.

What was the percentage decrease of sulfur dioxide from 1970 to 2016?

97% decrease.

What effect does the closure of old industries have on traffic congestion?

Deindustrialization can result in decreases in traffic congestion.

What are enterprise zones?

Areas designated to encourage economic growth and development.

What benefits do enterprise zones provide to businesses?

Business rate relief, simplified planning rules, and infrastructure improvements.

Which government initiative was established to promote economic growth in local areas in 2011?

Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP).

As of 2015, how many jobs had the English enterprise zones created?

19,000 jobs.

What is one form of funding available for retraining programs?

Grants and bursaries from organizations.

What is the purpose of the National Retraining Partnership established in 2018?

To establish a National Retraining Scheme to tackle skills shortages.

What European fund aims to improve social inclusion and employment opportunities?

European Social Fund.

What is the result of the Brexit referendum on European Structural and Investment Funds?

These funds may cease to be available in the UK in the future.

What type of investment often comes from multinational corporations (MNCs)?

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

How many projects were there in the UK related to foreign investment in 2016/17?

2,265 projects.

What are some sectors where new jobs from foreign investment are often created?

Tertiary or quaternary sectors.

What impact does deindustrialization have on pollution levels?

It can lead to decreases in atmospheric pollution and improve air quality.

What significant change occurred in air quality after the closure of the steelworks in Consett?

A noticeable decrease in air pollution.

What are some negative effects on health due to deindustrialization?

Declines in health from stress-related illnesses and poor nutrition.

What are zero-hour contracts often associated with after deindustrialization?

New jobs that may be insecure and lack guaranteed hours.

How does the cycle of deprivation affect the demographics of an urban area?

It leads to a population that is mainly elderly or low income.

What can poor living conditions lead to in terms of education and skills?

Poor education and limited opportunities to learn new skills.

What is one way to improve the living environment in polluted areas?

Removing or improving old industrial buildings.

How did industrial decline affect the availability of decent housing?

It limited the quality of housing available, often leading to socio-economic clustering.

How does government policy assist areas affected by deindustrialization?

Through initiatives like enterprise zones, LEPs, and retraining programs.