amstud - unit 1 vocabulary

land bridge

the connection between siberia/alaska in which migrants from asia crossed

hohokam, anasazi, pueblos

native american groups located in the sw; multifaceted societies; caves/cliffs, irrigation systems, complex society

adena-hopewell

indigenous societies located in NE america (ohio valley to ny); combined hunting/farming; moved semi-frequently due to soil exhaustion; longhouses

woodland mound builders

built timber/bark lodgings along rivers; atlantic ocean; cherokee are descendants

mayas

remarkable cities in yucatan peninsula around years 300-800

aztecs

came after mayas, powerful empire (central/southern mexico); capital: tenochitlan

incas

vast empire in western south america

corn (maize)

widely cultivated, stable food crop; stable population/economic growth

algonquian

one of the largest american indian language families; located NE

siouan

one of the largest american indian language families; located great plains

longhouses

used in NE settlements; multiple tribe members live together in large houses

iroquois confederation

powerful political unit (NE) that battled rival american indians/europeans in 16th century

gunpowder

invented by chinese, improved by europeans; revolutionzed warfare

sailing compass

adopted by arab merchants; helps sailors navigate waters/oceans

printing press

helped spread knowledge across europe

isabella and ferdinand

funded christopher columbus on his first voyage; uniting of spain

christopher columbus

navigator who explored americas to find a trade route to asia

henry the navigator

portuguese prince who sponsored voyages for trade route to asia

treaty of tordesillas

agreement between spain/portugal that divided territories in the americas (line of demarcation); portugal claimed brazil, spain claimed rest

roanoke island

english attempt (sir walter raleigh) to establish colonial settlement

protestant reformation

revolting of countries against pope/catholicism; caused religious wars in europe

nation-states

countries where the majority of people share a common culture/common loyalty toward a central government (ex: isabella/ferdinand of spain, prince henry the navigator of portugal)

horses

an important animal exchanged from the old world to new world

diseases

NA population declined as a result of europeans transmitting this to the americas

smallpox, measles

examples of diseases brought by europeans to america

capitalism

new economic system in europe in which control of capital was prioritized, replaced feudalism

joint-stock company

a business owned by a large number of investors; only lose what you invest; encouraged investment, promoted economic growth

encomienda system

similar to feudal system; natives work on plantations for individual spaniards, spaniards care for the indians in return

asiento

a system in which spanish colonists are forced to pay a tax to the spanish king on each enslaved person they import

slavery

a system in which individuals are treated as property and forced to work

conquistadores

a name for spanish explores and conquerors

hernan cortes

led the defeat of the aztec empire in mexico

francisco pizarro

led the defeat of the incas in peru

slave trade

a transatlantic trading system where slaves are brought from africa to the americas

middle passage

the voyage of enslaved africans across the atlantic ocean; part of the trade; a leg of the triangular trade between europe, the americas, and africa

new laws of 1542

ended indian slavery, halted forced indian labor, began to end enconmienda system; failed

bartolome de las casas

persuaded the king to pass the new laws; dissented popular opinion

juan gines de sepulveda

a spanish priest that argued that indians were less than human and should benefit the spanish

valladolid debate

the debate over the role of indians in the spanish colonies