BIOL 241: Midterm Spring 2023

Labs 1 - 5

Erythrocyte

Membrane-bound sac of hemoglobin \n -most abundant formed element \n -45% of whole blood \n -Transports O2 and CO2 \n -Anucleate \n -5-6 million cells per cubic millimeter

Leukocyte

Resistance to disease \n -least abundant (5000-9000 per cubic milliliter) \n -Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

Thrombocytes

\-Fragments of megakaryocytes \n -Significant role in clotting \n (Frame work for clots) \n -200,000-400,000 per cubic milliliter

Granulocytes

\-Neutrophils \n -Eosinophils \n -Basophils

Agranulocytes

\-Lymphocytes \n -Monocytes

Neutrophils

\-60-70% \n -3-5 lobed nucleus \n -Fight bacterial infections \n -Purple nucleus

Eosinophils

\-2-4% \n -2 lobed (Bilobed) nucleus \n -Allergies & parasitic infection \n -Orange/pink granules

Basophils

\-0.5-1.0% \n -Histamine and heparin \n -Dark stained granules hide nucleus

Lymphocyte

\-25-33% \n -Small in size and very round \n -Spherical nucleus (Takes up whole cell) \n -Immunity \n -(blue fingernail tip/crescent moon)

Monocyte

\-3-8% \n -Large in size \n -C shaped nucleus \n -Wandering macrophages

Heart

In the Thoracic Cavity \n -2 pleural cavities \n -Mediastinum (part of middle, not anterior or posterior mediastinum)

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Aorta

Pulmonary artery (trunk)

Pulmonary veins

Left atria

Right atria

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Coronary sulcus

depression between the atrium and ventricle

Interatrial sulcus

depression between the two atria

Interventricular sulcus

depression between ventricles

posterior interventricular artery

Apex

Base

Right coronary artery

Red

Left marginal artery

artery that branches off of top of anterior interventricular artery

Right marginal artery

artery that branches off of bottom of right coronary artery

Posterior interventricular artery

Left coronary artery

anterior interventricular artery

left atria

Right atria

Left ventricle

\

right ventricle

interatrial septum

interventricular septum

tricuspid valve

bicuspid (mitral) valve

aortic semilunar valve

pulmonary semilunar valve

trabeculae carnae

papillary muscles

chordae tendinae

fossa ovalis

Large Elastic Artery

Medium Artery

Arteriole

Capillary

Medium Vein

**Ascending aorta**

**Aortic arch**

Descending thoracic aorta

**Abdominal aorta**

Systolic pressure

pressure in arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction and ejection

Diastolic pressure

pressure in the arterial tree during ventricular relaxation (quiescent phase)

Increase BP

•Cold

•Exercise

•Drugs

•Posture

•↑ effect of gravity

Decrease BP

•Heat

•Posture

•↓ effect of gravity

Vein

A?

Artery

B?

Tunica intima

A?

•Comprised of:

•Endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial CT, internal elastic lamina

•Innermost layer, towards the lumen of the blood vessel

Tunica Media

B?

•Middle layer

•Generally thicker than tunica intima

•Comprised mostly of

•elastin fibers – help with stretch!

•Smooth muscle cells

•*Few collagen fibers found here*

Tunica adventitia \n (externa)

C?

•Outermost layer

•Fibrous connective tissue

•Anchors and supports blood vessels

•Contains vasa vasorum in large blood vessels

•“Vessels to the vessels”

•Smaller blood vessels that supply the walls of the blood vessels with blood/nutrients

•Comprised of collagen and elastin

Nasopharynx

A?

•Aids in transferring air from the nose to the larynx

•Always open, except when swallowing

Oropharynx

B?

•Located at the back of the mouth behind the oral cavity

•Allows us to breathe while chewing/manipulating material in the oral cavity

Laryngopharynx

C?

•Crucial connection point through which food, water, and air passes

•Point at which the pharynx divides anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus

Epiglottis

Green

Thyroid Cartilage

Red

Cricoid Cartilage

Yellow

Larynx

Green

Trachea

Purple

Primary Bronchi

Yellow

Secondary Bronchi

Red

Tertiary Bronchi

Blue

**Ciliated pseudostratified  columnar epithelium**

Trachea

Identifying features:

•C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage

•Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Bronchi

•Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

•Goblet cells producing mucus

•Primary bronchi will have complete rings of cartilage

•Secondary-Tertiary will have irregulate plates of cartilage

•Increasing layers of smooth muscle

Bronchiole

Identifying features:

•ciliated SIMPLE columnar epithelium

•Goblet cells

•NO CARTILAGE

•ALL SMOOTH MUSCLE

Terminale Bronchiole

Identifying features:

•Ciliated simple cuboidal

•Goblet cells

•No cartilage

Respiratory Bronchiole

Identifying features:

•Ciliated simple cuboidal

•NO goblet cells

•No cartilage

•Less smooth muscle

•Begin to see alveolar bolus

Alveolar Duct/Sac

Tidal Volume

RED

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

PURPLE

Expiratory Reserve Volume

RED

Residual Volume

ORANGE

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

Vital Capacity (EQUATION)

IC = IRV + TV

Inspiratory Capacity (EQUATION)

FRC = ERV + RV

Functional Residual Capacity (EQUATION)

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Total Lung Capacity (EQUATION)