Untitled Flashcards Set

Allied Powers

The alliance of nations including the United States, Britain, France, and others during World War I.

Central Powers

The alliance of nations including Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, influencing U.S. opinion against Germany.

Sussex Pledge

A promise made by Germany in 1916 not to sink merchant ships without warning.

Election of 1916

The presidential election where Woodrow Wilson won reelection, emphasizing the theme of neutrality.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret communication from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S. during WWI.

Russian Revolution

The 1917 revolution that led to the overthrow of the Tsar and the establishment of a communist government in Russia.

American Expeditionary Force

The U.S. military force sent to Europe during WWI, commanded by General John J. Pershing.

Fourteen Points

A statement of principles for peace proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918.

Big Four

The major Allied leaders during the Treaty of Versailles negotiations: Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Orlando.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that officially ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Self-determination

The principle that nations should have the right to choose their own sovereignty and political status.

League of Nations

An international organization established after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Article X

A section of the League of Nations Covenant that called for collective defense among member nations.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A U.S. senator who opposed the League of Nations and Wilson’s treaty proposals.

Irreconcilables

A group of U.S. senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

Reservationists

U.S. senators who were willing to accept the Treaty of Versailles with amendments.

Food Administration

A U.S. government agency established during WWI to manage food production and distribution.

Railroad Administration

A government agency that took control of the rail network during WWI to ensure efficient transport.

National War Labor Board

An agency that mediated labor disputes to ensure production during WWI.

Liberty Bonds

War bonds sold in the U.S. to finance military operations during World War I.

Selective Service Act

A law that authorized the draft of citizens into the military during WWI.

Espionage Act (1917)

A law prohibiting interference with military operations or support for U.S. enemies during wartime.

Sedition Act (1918)

A law that punished speech or actions perceived as disloyal or abusive towards the U.S. government.

Eugene V. Debs

A socialist political leader and five-time presidential candidate who was jailed for anti-war activism.

Schenck v. United States

A Supreme Court case that ruled that free speech can be limited during wartime.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North during the early 20th century.

1918 pandemic

A lethal influenza outbreak that claimed millions of lives globally.

Recession

A period of economic decline characterized by falling GDP and rising unemployment.

Red Scare

A period of anti-communist hysteria in the U.S. following WWI.

Anti-Communist hysteria

Fear and repression directed against communism and perceived threats during the Red Scare.

Xenophobia

An irrational fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers.

Palmer Raids

Government efforts to deport suspected radicals and anarchists during the Red Scare.

Strikes of 1919

A series of labor strikes across the U.S. following WWI, often fueled by inflation and poor working conditions.

Scientific management

A theory of management that analyzes work flows to improve economic efficiency.

Henry Ford

American industrialist who founded the Ford Motor Company and revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line.

Assembly line

A manufacturing process that breaks down a job into tasks to increase efficiency.

Open shop

A workplace where employees are not required to join a union.

Welfare capitalism

An economic system that provides employees with certain benefits to deter unionization.

Aviation

The design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft.

Charles Lindbergh

An aviator famed for making the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927.

Revivalists

Preachers or leaders who advocate for a return to traditional religious values.

Billy Sunday

A prominent evangelist known for his influence during the early 20th century revivalist movement.

Aimee Semple McPherson

A famous evangelist and founder of the Foursquare Church, known for her theatrical sermons.

Scopes Trial

The 1925 legal case that challenged a Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution.

Clarence Darrow

A lawyer known for defending John Scopes in the Scopes Trial.

Volstead Act (1919)

The legislation that provided for the enforcement of Prohibition.

Al Capone

Infamous gangster known for bootlegging and organized crime during Prohibition.

21st Amendment

The constitutional amendment that repealed Prohibition in 1933.

Quota laws

Legislation that limited the number of immigrants allowed to enter the United States from specific countries.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrants accused of murder, whose trial is seen as a miscarriage of justice motivated by prejudice.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist hate group known for its violent acts against African Americans and other minorities.

Gertrude Stein

An American avant-garde writer and art collector who contributed to modernist literature.

Lost Generation

A term used to describe a group of American writers who were disillusioned by World War I.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A prominent American novelist known for works like 'The Great Gatsby' that depicted the Jazz Age.

Ernest Hemingway

An American novelist known for his distinct writing style and novels such as 'A Farewell to Arms'.

Sinclair Lewis

The first American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, known for his critical novels about American life.

Ezra Pound

An influential American poet and critic associated with the modernist movement.

T.S. Eliot

A major American poet and playwright known for works like 'The Waste Land'.

Eugene O’Neill

An American playwright known for his plays exploring complex themes of identity and emotions.

Edward Hopper

An American painter known for his realistic depictions of American life and architecture.

Regional artists

Artists who focused on the landscapes and culture of specific regions within the United States.

Grant Wood

An American painter known for his regionalist style and works such as 'American Gothic'.

George Gershwin

An American composer known for merging classical music with jazz influences.

Sigmund Freud

A neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on the unconscious mind.

Margaret Sanger

An activist for birth control and women's reproductive rights in the early 20th century.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s.

Countee Cullen

An influential poet of the Harlem Renaissance known for his writings on race and identity. 1925 book Color, which is considered a landmark of the Harlem Renaissance. 

Langston Hughes

A leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance known for his poetry and essays celebrating African American culture. He was the first African American to make a living as a poet. 

James Weldon Johnson

A poet, novelist, and civil rights activist associated with the Harlem Renaissance. helped preserve early African American literature 

Claude McKay

A Jamaican-American writer and key figure of the Harlem Renaissance known for his poems about racial pride.

Duke Ellington

An influential jazz composer and bandleader known for his innovative contributions to jazz music. Originated big-band jazz style. 

Louis Armstrong

A legendary jazz musician known for his trumpet playing and influential voice in American music.

Bessie Smith

An iconic blues singer during the 1920s, known as the 'Empress of the Blues'.

Paul Robeson

An African American singer, actor, and civil rights activist known for his work in theater and music.

Back-to-Africa Movement

A movement advocating for the return of people of African descent to Africa, led by Marcus Garvey.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican political leader and activist who promoted black nationalism and economic independence.

Black Pride

A cultural movement emphasizing African American identity, heritage, and achievements.

Warren Harding

The 29th president of the United States, whose administration was marked by scandals.

Charles Evans Hughes

A U.S. statesman and Supreme Court Justice who served as Secretary of State under Harding.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of the Treasury under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, known for tax policies favoring the wealthy.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act

A legislative act that raised tariffs on imports to protect U.S. industry.

Bureau of the Budget

A U.S. government agency responsible for preparing the federal budget.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A bribery scandal involving the administration of President Harding over naval oil reserves.

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th president of the United States known for his laissez-faire policies and the Roaring Twenties.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st president of the United States whose term included the stock market crash of 1929.

Black Tuesday

The day of the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Dow Jones index

A stock market index that tracks the performance of 30 large companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange.

Buying on margin

Purchasing stocks by borrowing money, which led to significant losses during the stock market crash.

Uneven distribution of income

A condition where wealth is not evenly distributed across the population.

Excessive use of credit

Widespread borrowing of money by consumers, which contributed to the economic downturn in the 1930s.

Overproduction

A situation where the supply of goods exceeds demand, resulting in unsold products and economic decline.

High tariffs

Taxes on imported goods aimed at protecting domestic industries.

Federal Reserve

The central bank of the United States responsible for regulating the money supply.

Stock market crash

A sudden dramatic decline of stock prices that occurred in late October 1929.

Self-reliance

Reliance on one's own powers and resources rather than those of others.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

A protective tariff that raised duties on imports, exacerbating the Great Depression.

Bonus march (1932)

A protest by World War I veterans demanding immediate payment of promised bonuses.

Eleanor Roosevelt

An American political figure, diplomat, and activist who served as First Lady and championed human rights.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt to fight the Great Depression.