Unit 7 APHUG Review: Development & Economic Geography

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Unit 7: Development & Economic Geography.

More Developed Countries (MDCs)

Countries with high industrial activity and high income.

Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

Countries with low income and high poverty.

Wallerstein's World Systems Model

A theory that divides countries into three groups: core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

Core

Rich countries that hold most power in the economy.

Semi-periphery

Countries that are growing but are not fully developed.

Periphery

Poor countries that depend on rich countries.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country.

GDP per capita

The GDP divided by the population, showing average output per person.

Primary Sector Activities

Jobs that involve extracting natural resources like farming and mining.

Secondary Sector Activities

Jobs that involve making products, like manufacturing goods.

Tertiary Sector Activities

Jobs that provide services, like healthcare and education.

Quaternary Sector Activities

Jobs that involve knowledge and research, like tech services.

Quinary Sector Activities

High-level jobs involving decision-making, like in government and education.

Rostow's Stages of Development

A model describing how economies grow through five stages.

Gross National Income (GNI)

Total income earned by residents of a country, including abroad.

GNI per capita

GNI divided by the population, indicating average income.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Measures differences in well-being between men and women.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A method to compare currencies based on the cost of goods.

Development

Improving the economic and social conditions of a community.

Export Processing Zones

Areas set up to encourage foreign investment and exports.

Investment Capital

Funds used to invest in projects for profit.

Fair Trade

Trade that ensures fair wages and working conditions.

Cumulative Causation

Economic growth in one area leads to growth in others.

Offshore Financial Services

Financial services provided in another country, often to save taxes.

Fordism

A mass production system using assembly lines.

Neo-Fordism

Modern mass production that allows flexibility.

Vertical Integration

A strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

Industries that move closer to raw materials to save costs.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

Industries that need to be near markets because end products are heavier.

Containerization

Using standard containers for efficient shipping.

Brownfield

Previously used land that may be contaminated but can be reused.

Industrial Revolution

Transition to new manufacturing processes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Proximity to Market

Being close to customers or markets.

Proximity to Inputs

Being near resources necessary for production.

Challenges to Industrial Development

Obstacles that prevent industrial growth, like lack of resources.

International Division of Labor

Splitting work across regions to take advantage of strengths.

Just-in-time manufacturing

Ordering materials only as needed to reduce waste.

Weber's least-cost theory

Industries will locate where transportation costs are lowest.

Rust Belt

Regions in the U.S. that suffered from industrial decline.

BRIC Countries

Brazil, Russia, India, and China—growing economies.

Maquiladora Plants

Factories in Mexico owned by foreign companies for export.

Fair Trade Agreement

Trade deal focused on fair labor and sustainability.

Outsourcing

Hiring outside suppliers to cut costs.

Microfinance (microloans)

Small loans for entrepreneurs in developing countries.

Deindustrialization

Decline of manufacturing in a region, causing job losses.

Globalization

Increasing interconnectedness among countries economically and culturally.

Right-to-Work Laws

Laws allowing people to work without joining a labor union.

Renewable Energy Sources

Energy that can be replenished, like solar and wind.

Non-renewable Energy Sources

Energy that cannot be replaced easily, like fossil fuels.

Agglomeration

When businesses cluster together to share resources.

Location Theory

Explaining where economic activities are found.

Technopoles

Centers of tech innovation and advanced industries.

Ancillary Industries

Support industries providing products to larger companies.

Economies of Scale

Cost savings gained from producing more.

Ecotourism

Responsible travel that benefits local environments and people.

Footloose Industries

Industries that can easily move locations.

Perishable Industries

Industries producing goods that spoil quickly.

Free Trade

Trading without tariffs or restrictions.

Trading Blocs

Groups of countries with special trade agreements.

Infrastructure

Basic physical systems like