US I Review: Jackson + Reform Key Terms

Spoils system:

Spoils system: Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs and contracts, common in the 19th century US. Led to corruption and inefficiency.

Kitchen cabinet

Flashcard: "Kitchen Cabinet President Jackson" refers to Andrew Jackson's informal group of advisors who influenced his decisions, operating outside of official government channels.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff of Abominations: High protective tariff passed in 1828 by the U.S. Congress that angered Southern states, leading to the Nullification Crisis.

Nullification Crisis

Political conflict in the 1830s over states' rights to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, culminating in the Nullification Ordinance and a threat of secession by South Carolina.

Compromise Tariff 1833

Flashcard: Compromise Tariff 1833 - Legislation proposed by Henry Clay to resolve the Nullification Crisis, gradually reducing tariffs over a period of ten years.

Force Bill

Flashcard: "Force Bill - Passed in 1833, it authorized the U.S. president to use military force to enforce federal laws in states resisting them."

Indian Removal Act

Indian Removal Act: Legislation signed by President Jackson in 1830, forcing Native American tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi River. Led to the Trail of Tears.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native American tribes, mainly Cherokee, from Southeastern US to Indian Territory in the 1830s. Thousands died due to harsh conditions.

Black Hawk War

Conflict in 1832 between the United States and Native American Sauk leader Black Hawk, resulting in his defeat and expulsion from Illinois.

Bank War

Bank War: Definition: A political struggle in the United States during the presidency of Andrew Jackson over the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. It resulted in the bank's demise and the transfer of federal funds to state banks.

Anti-masonic Party

First third-party in the U.S., emerged in 1828 opposing Freemasonry's influence in politics. Focused on transparency and accountability.

Liberty Party

A political party in the United States founded in 1840 to advocate for the abolition of slavery. Ran candidates in presidential elections until merging with the Free Soil Party in 1848.

Pet banks

Flashcard: "Pet banks were state banks selected by President Jackson to receive federal deposits after he vetoed the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States."

Specie circular

Specie Circular: An 1836 executive order by President Jackson requiring payment for government land to be made in gold or silver, contributing to the Panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

Panic of 1837: Economic crisis in the United States triggered by a series of events including the collapse of speculative lending practices, leading to a severe depression.

Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren was the 8th President of the United States, serving from 1837 to 1841. He was the first president born as a U.S. citizen and was known for his role in establishing the Democratic Party.

William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison: 9th U.S. President, shortest term in office (31 days), died of pneumonia, known for his victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Landmark 1842 case. Legalized labor unions and peaceful strikes. Affirmed workers' rights to organize. Led to growth of labor movement in the U.S.

Turnpike

Flashcard: Term: Turnpike Definition: A toll road built and maintained by private companies during the early 19th century to improve transportation and facilitate trade and travel.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Nat Turner’s Rebellion: 1831 slave revolt in Virginia led by Nat Turner, resulting in the deaths of 55-65 white individuals. Influenced Southern states' harsher slave codes.

Amistad

Amistad was a Spanish ship seized by enslaved Africans in 1839, leading to a legal battle for their freedom in the United States.

American Colonization Society

American Colonization Society: Founded in 1816 to resettle free African Americans in Africa, notably establishing Liberia. Aimed to address racial tensions and promote colonization.

The Liberator

The Liberator was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating for the immediate emancipation of all slaves in the United States.

American Antislavery Society

American Antislavery Society: Founded in 1833, it aimed to abolish slavery and promote racial equality through peaceful means like petitions, publications, and lectures.

David Walker + Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World ( This is one term)

David Walker was an abolitionist writer and the Appeal was his pamphlet advocating for racial equality and liberation of African Americans

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Title: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Definition: Autobiography by Frederick Douglass, detailing his life as a slave and his journey to freedom and abolitionist activism.

Mason-Dixon Line

Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, symbolizing the North-South divide before the Civil War.

Gag Resolution

Gag Resolution: Legislation passed by Congress in 1836 to prohibit the discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives, aiming to maintain peace between Northern and Southern states.

Deism

Deism in the 1800s: A belief in a distant, non-intervening creator based on reason and nature, popular among intellectuals during the 19th century.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized individual responsibility for seeking salvation and personal connection with God.

Independent Treasury Plan

Flashcard: Independent Treasury Plan - A financial system proposed by President Van Buren to separate federal funds from private banks, aiming to prevent economic crises.

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

French political thinker who wrote "Democracy in America" in 1835. He analyzed American society and politics, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of democracy.

Unitarianism – William Channing

Flashcard: Term: Unitarianism - William Channing Definition: Religious movement led by William Channing emphasizing the oneness of God and the goodness of humanity.

Charles G. Finney - the burned over district

Charles G. Finney - the burned over district Definition: Term referring to the region of Western New York heavily affected by religious revivals in the 19th century.

Burned-Over District

Term referring to an area in western New York during the early 19th century known for intense religious revivals and diverse religious movements.

Mormons

Flashcard: Mormons 1800s Religious group founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. They faced persecution and migrated to Utah led by Brigham Young in the mid-1800s.

Joseph Smith

Joseph Smith: Founder of the Mormon religion in the 1800s. Claimed to have received revelations from God and translated the Book of Mormon.

Brigham Young

Brigham Young: Second president of the LDS Church, led Mormons to Utah, established Salt Lake City, and promoted polygamy.

Horace Mann

Flashcard: Horace Mann - Known as the "Father of American Education," he advocated for public education reform in the 1800s, emphasizing free, universal schooling.

Dorothea Dix

Social reformer who advocated for the mentally ill, leading to improved conditions in asylums and the establishment of new facilities.

American Temperance Society

American Temperance Society: Founded in 1826, it advocated for moderation or complete abstinence from alcohol to combat social issues like poverty and violence.

Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony was a prominent American suffragist and social reformer in the 19th century. She played a crucial role in the women's suffrage movement, advocating for women's right to vote and equal rights.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Women's rights activist, key figure in suffrage movement, organized Seneca Falls Convention, co-founded National Woman Suffrage Association.

Seneca Falls Convention

Event in 1848 where women's rights activists gathered to discuss women's suffrage and issues. Led to the Declaration of Sentiments outlining gender equality.

Romanticism

Artistic and intellectual movement in the 1800s emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism over reason and tradition. Influenced art, literature, and music.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement in the 19th century America emphasizing intuition, individualism, and the belief in the inherent goodness of people and nature. Key figures include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Henry David Thoreau

American writer, philosopher, and naturalist known for his book "Walden" and essay "Civil Disobedience." Lived a simple life in nature to find truth and meaning.

Horace Mann

Horace Mann was an American education reformer who advocated for public education and established the first public school system in the United States.

Lucretia Mott

Lucretia Mott was a Quaker minister and abolitionist who played a key role in organizing the Seneca Falls Convention, a pivotal event in the women's suffrage movement.

Sojourner Truth

Flashcard: Sojourner Truth - Abolitionist and women's rights activist, born into slavery but escaped to freedom. Known for her powerful speeches advocating for equality and justice.

Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman: American abolitionist and political activist who escaped slavery and led hundreds to freedom via the Underground Railroad.

Charles Fourier – Brook Farm

Charles Fourier was a French philosopher who inspired the utopian community Brook Farm in the United States.

Utopian communities – Fruitlands, Oneida

Utopian communities: Fruitlands and Oneida. Fruitlands was founded by Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane in 1843, based on transcendentalist principles. Oneida was established by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848, practicing communal living and complex marriage.