BT5 PRELIMS (Topic 1)

"I know the Lord is always with me. I will not be shaken, for he is right beside me." - Psalm 16:8

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

The procedures and techniques utilized during construction.

1. size of the building

2. location of the construction

3. purpose of the building

4. budget for the project

5. environmental factors

Different factors as to why you should choose certain construction methods:

ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

It covers a wide range of modern techniques and practices that encompass the latest developments in materials technology, design procedures, quantity surveying, facilities management services, structural analysis, and design and management studies.

1. Traditional Construction Method

2. Modern Construction Method

The construction industry in the Philippines

1. Adobe Construction

2. Rammed Earth Construction

3. Cob  Construction

4. Strawbale & Clay  Construction

5. Log  Construction

6. Timberframe  Construction

7. Earth Ship  Construction

TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION METHOD

1. Cast in Place / PRECAST Construction

2. Prestressed concrete Construction

3. Composite Construction

4. Cable / Tensile Structures

5. Membrane  Structures

6. Shell  Structures

7. Pre-engineered Buildings

8. Geodesic Structures

ADVANCED MODERN CONSTRUCTION METHOD

bahay kubo, bahay na bato

The _______ and _______ employ traditional post and lintel construction/ platform framing. 

Foundation System

transfers the lateral loads on the superstructure to the ground.

1. shallow foundation

2. deep foundation

Foundation systems are classified into two broad categories:

Shallow Foundation

employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near the ground surface.

1. Individual or isolated footings

2. Strip footings

3. Stepped footings

4. Combined footing

5. Cantilevered footing

6. Continuous footing

7. Mat or Raft Foundation
8. Steel Grillage Foundation

Types of shallow footings

Individual or isolated footings

spread footings supporting free-standing columns and piers.

Strip footings

continuous spread footings of foundation walls

Stepped footings

strip footings that change levels to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a Building.

Combined footing

supports two or more columns. This type of footing is used where it is not possible to center the footing beneath its supported column as in the case of columns located at or very near the property line.

 Cantilevered footing

may be used in place of a combined footing under the same conditions. In this type of construction, the footings of the exterior and interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or strap which is so extended to support the exterior column. 

Continuous footing

supports a line of columns

Mat or Raft Foundation

like continuous footings are used on soil of low bearing power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation are tied together so that they will act as one and assist each other in keeping level and plumb.

Steel Grillage Foundation

When it is desired to avoid the deep excavation required for concrete and masonry footings, and when the load has to be distributed over a wide area of support, steel rails or beams are used to give the required moment of resistance with a minimum of depth.

Deep foundations

employed when the soil underlying a shallow foundation is unstable or of inadequate soil bearing capacity.

1. Pile Foundation

2. Caisson Foundation

Types of Deep Foundations

PILE FOUNDATION

a system of end bearing or friction piles, pile caps, and tie beams for transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum.

1. CONCRETE PILES

2. PRE-CAST PILES

3. CAST-IN-PLACE PILES

4. STEEL PILES

5. COMPOSITE PILES

Types of WOOD PILES

CAISSON FOUNDATIONS

are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete piers formed by boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete.

Foundation wall

provide support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement wall or crawl space partly or wholly below grade

beam

may be defined as a structural member, resting on supports usually at its ends, which supports transverse loads.

girder

a term applied to a beam that supports one or more smaller beams, as concentrated loads

1. Simple Beams

2. Cantilever Beams

3. Continuous Beams

Types of Beams

Simple Beams

These are beams having a single span with a support at each end, there being no restraint at the supports.

Cantilever Beams

These are beams that are supported at one end only, or they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond one of its supports.

Continuous Beams

These are beams resting on more than two supports.

Semi-continuous beam

The end span of a continuous beam, where little or restraint is provided at the end support,

1. Live Load

2. Dead Load

Types of Loads Acting on Structures

Compression

a squeezing or crushing force that pushes a material's particles closer together.

Tension

a pulling or stretching force that tries to pull a material's particles apart.

Pre-tension

steel wires are tensioned before concrete is placed and hardened. 

Post-tension

steel wires are stretched out once the concrete is settled and hardened.

Slab

a flat, horizontal structural element made of reinforced concrete that acts as a load distribution point;

1. Flat Slab

2. Flat Plate

3. Ribbed Slab

4. Waffle Slab

5. Lift Slab

6. Span-Stress Floor System

7. Slip Form Method

Types of Floor System and Slab System

Flat Slab

is typically reinforced by concrete and supported by caps and columns without beam support.

Flat Slab Plate

A column head is the reinforced concrete enlargement at the top of the column, which acts as an integral part of the system.

Ribbed Slab

A one-way joist floor slab consists of a series of small, reinforced concrete T beams that are connected with girders that in turn carried by the building column

Waffle Floor Slab

is a two way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions. Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances than flat slabs.

Lift Slab

is a technique whereby concrete floor slabs are poured on the ground, one on top of the other, and then lifted into place on top of columns by hydraulic jacks

Span-Stress Floor System

A construction method which utilizes span-stress prestressed T- Joist that can be used with filler blocks or collapsible steel forms, or plywood forms.

Slip Form Method

is an alternative for conventional formwork system which helps in continuous vertical and horizontal construction

1. Flat Type

2. Ribbed Type

3. Window Type

4. Tilt-up Wall Panel System

WALL PANEL SYSTEM

Flat Type

It is a single piece of material, usually flat and cut into a rectangular shape, that serves as the visible and exposed covering for a wall.

Ribbed Type

It is the most economical wall system. This wall system is more economical than wood, concrete or masonry alternatives.

Window Type

It is achieved by placing glazing between a building's concrete slabs, using the slabs as structural support.

Tilt-up Wall Panel System

It is a technique of site casting concrete walls or elements, typically done on a horizontal surface and once cured, it is tilted vertically into place using a mobile crane.

1. Beam to Column Connections

2. Column to Floor Connection

3. Panel to Panel Connection

TYPES OF CONNECTION (PRE-CAST CONCRETE)

1. Precast Concrete Wall

2. Precast Slab

3. Precast Beam and Girder

4. Precast Columns

5. Precast Stairs

Structural elements used in the construction of precast concrete buildings include: (Elements in Precast Concrete)

Large Panel System

are useful for the construction of apartments and hotels. It consists of large walls and floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions.