Chapter 2- The Systems of the Body

Health psychology McGraw Hills

Categories of NS

CNS- brain, spine
PNS- SNS, ANS - SyNS, PaNS

Only muscle that doesnt contract during stress

Eyes, take in more light

What are catecholamines

Prepares body for acute stress by ^ o2 and energy delivery to imp organs

Types of catecholamines and job

Epinephrine Norepinephrine - triggers f or f

Effects of cate.

UP: heart rate, bp, energy mobilisation, bronchi width, metabolism

Effects of Allergic reaction

DOWN: BP, bronchi width, heart rate.

Parts of brain

Fore, Hind, Mid

Lobes of Brain

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

Parts of Hind and fn

Medulla- Regulate- heart rate, bp, respiration
Pons- Controls respiration
Cerebellum- Coord voluntary movements
- maintains balance + equilibrium,
- maintains muscle tone and posture

Fn of midbrain

• relay info betn fore and hind

• responsible for auditory and visual reflexes

• Evolutionarily strong mid => big fore

Parts and Fn of the Fore

Thalamus: recognition of sensory info
Hypothalamus: Regulates- cardiac fns, respiration, hunger, appetite
Cerebral Cortex: HOTS, intelligence, memory, personality, process other lobe info

Fn of frontal

Has the motor cortex- controls voluntary movement

also linked to restraining impulses, control and personality

Fn of Parietal

somatosensory cortex- sensations are interpreted (touch, pressure, temp)

Fn of occipital

Visual cortex- receives visual impulses

also linked to daydreaming, dreaming and sleeping

Fn of temporal

cortical area- auditory and olfactory impulses

Fn of the Limbic system

stress and emotional response

Parts of limbic system

Amygdala: Threat detection
Hippocampus: Emo charged memories detection
(close to the nose- emo response to certain smells)

What causes CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy)

repeated strikes to the head or srs head injury

What happens due to CTE

Abnormal protein accumulates = destruction of brain (frontal and temporal lobes) - DOWN: critical thinking, impulse control, judgement, positive emotions

DOWN in grey matter

High risk for impulsive suicide.

Describe Epilispy

affects the CNS
Idiopathic (no actual cause)
Risk of inheritance
Seizures can range from irregular and loss of conc to violent convulsions.
NO cure but can be controlled with meds and bhvr interventions (to control stress)

Somatic Epilepsy cause

• severe brain injury

• harm during birth

• infections disease

• metabolic / nutritional disorder

Cause of parkinson

damage to the basal ganglia in the cerebellum
damage to the nuclei in the brain= not smooth motor coord
reason for degeneration is unknow maybe low amts of dopamine

Trearment of parkinson

high dose med but they could have bad side effects

Demography of parkinson

50 and older and more in men

Results of Park

tremors, rigidity, slow movement

Cause of cerebral palsy

brain injury due to lack of o2 in childbirth
older teens- severe brain trauma, physical abuse

Results of Cerebral p

May or may not seziures
lack of muscle control
muscle spasms
mental retardation
difficulties with perception and senses (sight, hear, speech)

cause of multiple s

autoimmune disorder that attacks the mylein sheat, reducing conduction of nerve impulse

Results on multiple s

blind deaf mental deteriorate

early symps of sultiple s

numb, double vision, drag feet, no poo piss control, speech hard, extreme fatigue

symps come and go, but deterioration goes on

Cause huntingtons

genetic abnormal, tests shows yes/no and when it effects

Results of huntings

muscle spasm, low motor, mental degrade, personality change

Cause- polio

Viral disease (polio virus) and mostly affects children. Mostly eradicated cept in pakistan and afghan

How does polio affect the body

Attack and destroys the spinal nerves and the cell bodies of motor neurons (thus motor impulses cant be carried)

Results of polio

They vary - difficulties walking and moving
- Shrunken and ineffective limbs
- Full paralysis

cause of para/ quadr peligia

p- damage to lower spinal cord
q- severance of the upper spinal cord

Results- para/quadrapeligia

Both- loss of bowel and bladder control
- loss of muscle tone due to not using them

p- loss of movement in only the lower extremities

q- loss of all 4 extremities and the trunk of body

Cause -dementia

Dementia is the loss of cognitive abilities beyond natural aging

biopsychosocial causes

history of brain damage (psycho)

genetic susceptibility (bio)

chronically stressful life which culd be due to socioeconomic position leading to the atrophy of the hippocampus (socio)

Early symps of dementia

bad memory

attention

language skills

problem solving skills

Demographic - dementia

older adults but is also seen earlier in ppl with highly stressful jobs (stock market brokers etc)

Most common type of dementia

Alzheimer- 60-70% of cases- progressive and irreversible

Demographic of alzheimer

ppl in mid 60s C

Cause alzheimer

less physical activity + less intellectual activity + genetic

What and whats in it - endocrine system

it is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and cause changes in other organs

hypothalamus + pituitary

Parts of the pituitary gland

anterior and posterior

hormones secreted by Anterior

Growth h- GH (growth of body tissues)

Prolactin- PRL (milk production from the mammary glands)

Thyroid stimulating h- TSH (stimulates thyroid release)

Adrenocorticotrophic h- ACTH (stimulate hormone released by adrenal cortex)

hormones secreted by posterior

Antidiuretic h (water reabsorption in kidneys)

Oxytocin (utrine contraction during child birth)

What does stress do in the body

What is diabetes and 2 types

when the body is incapable of producing insulin or is resistant to the effects of insulin

Type 1- autoimmune- used to be called juvenile- body destroys cells needed to produce insulin

Type 2- cant produce or is resistant to insulin- leading cause or blindness in adults- accounts for 40% of ppl who need dialysis-

*Resistance- occurs when you eat more fat then you can burn

*Glucophage- medicine that mimics insulin and is used to treat

*Ozempic- last resort- can cause thyroid enlargement or cancer

Parts of the heart

Left atrium+ ventricle - o2 from lungs to body

right atrium+ ventricle - co2 from body to lungs

cardiac cycle (rhythmic contractions and relaxations)

What is in blood

plasma- fluid protein. contains plasma proteins electrolytes and substances transported by blood

Cells- rbc wbc platelets lymphocytes

Platelets- blocks small holes in  blood vessels. necessary for clotting

What is blood pressure?

force excerted on the walls of the blood vessels by blood flow. high during systole. low during diastole 

What infuences bp

cardiac output

peripheral resistance (eg- in smaller arteries)

damage, less elasticity deposits in arterial walls

Atherosclerosis

arteries narrowed by plaque+cholesterol+other waste

Angina pectoris

low o2 and build up of co2 and other waste

causes chest pain

Myocardial infraction (heart attack)

clot in coronary vessels => no blood flow to the heart

Ischemia

lack of blood flow to the heart

Congestive heart Failure

hearts delivery of o2 rich blood is inadequate

Arrhythmia

irregular beating of heart => loss of concciousness and possibly death