BIOS 1300 Ohio University Exam 3 Nielson

Joint

point where two bones meet
**do not have to be movable (skull sutures)

3 functions of joints

1. link bone to skeletal system
2. permit movement
3. protect soft organs

2 joint classifications

function and structure

Joint classification by function:

the amount of movement possible

Joint classification by structure:

how the bones are held together...material...joint cavity

Three functional groups of joints and their amount of movement?

Synarthrosis- immobile
Amphiarthrosis- slight movement
Diarthrosis- freely mobile

What are the 4 functional joint groups?

bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

What is it called when sutures ossify completely?

synostosis

Synovial Joint

joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

Which synovial joint is mobile and which is freely mobile: elbow and shoulder

Shoulder- freely mobile
Elbow- mobile

Which class do most joints in the body fall into?

Synovial joints

Complications of damage to synovial joints?

pain, impaired mobility and quality of life

Periosteum of bone is continuous with ____________?

fibrous capsule

What is the fibrous capsule of bone made out of?

connective tissue

The fibrous capsule of bone is continuous with _____?

Peristeum

What two substances make up the synovial membrane?

fibroblasts and macrophages

What is in the joint cavity of bone?

synovial fluid

What makes the articular cartilage of bone?

hyaline

What is the purpose of bone ligament?

Give the joint reinforcement and strength

3 functions of the synovial fluid:

nourishes articular cartilage
removes waste from cartilage
permits friction free movement

Why is it important to "warm up" before exercising?

It protects your cartilage

Compression vs decompression of cartilage during exercise

compression: squeezes fluid and waste out of cartilage
decompression: absorbs warmed synovial fluid. Takes oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes.

What happens to your cartilage if you do not exercise?

It deteriorates more rapidly

Purpose of fibrocartilage pads in some synovial joints?

absorb shock/pressure
guide bones across each other and increase fit
stabalize joint-- decrease chance of dislocation

Ligaments

join bone to bone

What type of tissue are ligaments made of?

dense regular connective tissue

tendons

join muscle to bone

Bursae

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid

Where are bursae located?

between bones and tendons or muscles

Purpose of bursae?

decrease friction

Tendon sheath

elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around tendons

Where are tendon sheaths located?

hands and feet

What is range of motion?

The degree to which a joint can move

what is range of motion determined by?

-structure of articular surface ("fit")
-strength/tautness of ligaments and joint capsules (ligaments can stretch)
-action of muscles and tendons ("muscle tone")

What does range of motion affect?

functional independence
quality of life
training regime
clinical diagnosis and monitoring during rehab

Axes of rotation

passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement

3 axes of rotation

multiaxial= shoulder (3)
biaxial= wrist
monoaxial= elbow

6 types of synovial joints

Ball & socket multiaxial
Condylar biaxial
Saddle biaxial
Plane (gliding) biaxial
Hinge monoaxial
Pivot monoaxial

*from greatest mobility to least

What is the most mobile synovial joint?

ball and socket (glenohumeral)

Example of a condylar joint:

radiocarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joint

Example of a saddle joint:

opposable thumb
SC joint

Example of plane joint:

AC joint
between carpal and tarsal bones

What are the main movements of hinge joints?

flexion and extension

Examples of hinge joints:

knee joint and elbow joint

What is the main movement of pivot joints?

rotation

Example of pivot joint:

radioulnar joint
C1 and C2 joint to turn your head

Flexion

movement that decreases joint angle. common in hinge joints

extension

movement that straightens a joint and returns to zero position

abduction

movement away from midline of body

adduction

movement towards midline of body

elevation

raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

depression

lowers a body part in the same plane

protraction

anterior movement (pushing a door)

retraction

posterior movement (stand at attention)

circumduction

circular motion of one end of an appendage, while the other remains stationary

rotation

bone spins on its longitudinal axis

medial (internal)

turns bone inward

lateral (external)

turns bone outward

supination

forearm movement turns arm anteriorly or upward

pronation

forearm movement turns palm posteriorly or downward

radial flexion

tilting hand towards thumb

ulnar flexion

tilting hand toward little finger

palmar abduction

moving thumb away from hand and pointing it anteriorly

radial abduction

moving thumb away from index finger (90 degrees)

flexion of thumb

tip of thumb directed towards palm

extension of thumb

straightening of the thumb

opposition

moving thumb to touch the tip of a finger

reposition

returning thumb to zero position

dorsiflexion

elevating toes

plantar flexion

extending foot so toes point downward as in standing on tip toe

inversion

movement in which the soles are turned medially

eversion

movement in which the soles are turned laterally

supination of foot

plantar flexion, inversion and adduction

pronation of foot

dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction

where is the temperomandibular joint located?

on both sides of the face

What does the temperomandibular joint connect?

mandible (jaw) to temperal bones of skull

Function of temperomandibular joint?

open, close, forward and backward, and side to side movement of lower jaw
EX.) talk, chew, yawn

What makes the TMJ an atypical joint disk?

It's made of fibrocartilage not hyaline

Temperomandibular joint ligaments

The sphenomandibular is the primary passive support

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) causes and treatments:

Causes:
injury, grinding/clenching, arthritis

Treatment:
Nothing (can resolve itself)
night guard
surgery

What makes a vertebral joint an atypical joint?

synovial joint between two processes
symphysis between vertebral bodies

Movements of vertebral joints?

Flexion and extension
Lateral flexion and rotation
Circumduction

Vertebral joint ANATOMY

superior articular process
inferior articular process
zygapophysial joint

Vertebral joint LIGAMENTS

Facet capsulary ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
*know alnar ligaments too

Disorders of the joints:

arthritis
-inflammation of a joint
bursitis
-inflammation of the bursa
bunion
-bony bump on base of toe
dislocations
-ends of bone out of position

Describe osteoarthritis:

common, usually develops with age
infection, injury, metabolic disorder
can be damaging over time

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disorder
no cure
goal of treatment is to lessen symptoms (low impact exercise and anti-inflammatory meds)

5 functions of the muscular system:

-movement
-stability (posture and tension)
-control of openings
-heat production (skeletal)
-glycemic control (Muscles absorb and store glucose which helps regulate blood sugar concentration)-

5 functional characteristics of muscles

excitability
conductivity
contractiblity
extensibility
elasticity

Excitability:

the ability to receive and respond to stimuli

Conductivity:

the ability to receive a stimulus and transmit a wave of excitation (electrochemical activity)

Contractility:

the ability to shorten forceably when stimulated; exerts a pull

Extensibility:

the ability to be stretched or extended without being damaged; can still be contracted while in full stretch

Elasticity:

the ability to bounce back to original length

What are muscles made of?

proteins

Muscles function to convert ______ energy into ________ force.

Chemical; mechanical

The chemical energy muscles use to function is obtained from _____ and _________.

ATP; creatine phosphate

What is a single skeletal muscle encased by?

connective tissue (epimysium)

What is inside connective tissue?

muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers (muscle cells)

What 4 things are included in the muscular system?

muscle tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves