Unit 7- Mental Health

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 by 1 or more of the following:

• extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

• unable to focus

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

• fear when escape may be difficult

• malls, busses, etc

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

• mainly effects adolescent females

• scared of being over weight

Antianxiety Drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

• xanax

• calm

Antidepressant Drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder

• mainly SSRI’s

• zoloft, paxil

Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

• eliminate irrelevant stimuli

• schizophrenia

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Aversion Therapy

a form of behavioral modification that aims to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors by pairing them with unpleasant stimuli

Behavioral Therapy/ Applied Behavior Analysis

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

• problems are the problem

• does not look into outside factors

Biomedical Therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

• treatment

Bipolar I Disorder

cycling moods involving manic episodes

• requires the presence of a manic episode

• 3+ symptoms present everyday for most of the day at least a week

Bipolar II Disorder

cycling moods involving manic episodes

• requires the presence of a hypomanic episode

• also requires the presence of a depressive episode

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging, excessive exercise, or fasting

• cycle between eating to much and too little

• people can use laxitives or throw up

Cluster A Personality Disorders

characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors and include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

• schizophrenia

• not common

Cluster B Personality Disorders

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

• dramatic

• relationship struggle

Cluster C Personality Disorders

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, are characterized by anxious and fearful behaviors and thought patterns

• anxiety based

• common

Cognitive Therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

• thinking=feelings

• self blaming leads to depression

Cognitive Triad

describes the negative thoughts people with depression have about themselves, their experiences (world), and their future

• Aaron Beck

• negativity and depression

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

• makes people aware of thinking

• most useful for anxiety and depression

Delusion

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorder

• believing something not real

• schizophrenia

Dialectal Behavior Therapy

a type of talking therapy based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), is particularly effective for individuals struggling with intense emotions and is often used to treat conditions like borderline personality disorder, focusing on skills like mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness

• change negative thoughts

• emotion regulation

Diathesis-Stress Model

theory suggesting that preexisting conditions may put a person at risk of developing a disorder

• previous conditions lead to disorders

Dissociative Amnesia

a disorder characterized by a significant inability to recall important personal information, typically triggered by a traumatic or stressful event, and is a form of dissociation, a detachment from reality

• forget things

• triggered by trauma

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and altering personalities

• like two different people

• while usually non violent, some people with DID can switch into an “evil” person

Dopamine Hypothesis

dopamine hyperactivity contributes to positive symptoms of schizophrenia

• too much dopamine

• adds hallucinations/delusions

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

• a blend

• what modern day therapists use

Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

• controversial

• electric

Exposure Therapy

behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

• stages

• putting someone in situation to ease anxiety

Fear Hierarchy

a tool used in exposure therapy to help individuals gradually confront their fears by ranking feared objects, situations, or activities from least to most anxiety-provoking

• exposure therapy

• slowly exposes you to fearful stimuli

General Adaptation Syndrome

Selye’sconcept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases

• alarm- sympathetic nervous system activates

• resistence- high temp and blood pressure, fully engaged

• exhaustion- calm down

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

• symptoms include being jittery, agitated, sleep deprived, and unfocused

• anxiety is “free floating” (unable to identify and avoid cause)

Group Therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

• people all going through same experience

• spouse loss group therapy

Hallucination

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

• not there

• schizophrenia

Hoarding Disorder

compulsive collecting, poor organizational skills, difficulty discarding, also cognitive deficits in information-processing and procrastination

• keeping stuff

• cannot let go of stuff

Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy

Listen actively and reflect clients’

feelings

• focuses on client

• growth

Lithium

mood-stabalizing drugs for bipolar disorder

• treats bipolar

• mania

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion - controlling centers the inner brain

• through eye

• not used now

Major Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, 2 or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms, at least 1 of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

• extreme sadness and sluggishness

• not just feeling sad one day

Mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

• presented in bipolar disorder

• the “high” of bipolar

Medical Model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most instances cured

• genetically influenced abnomalities in brain structure and biochemical changes contribute to many disorder

• is used in biological approach

Meta-Analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

• results of therapies

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

• can be worried about germs, exactness, and/or something bad happening

• “if I don’t do this five times my dog will die”

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

• panic attacks

• often followed by worry for next attack

Persistent Depressive Disorder

experiencing a mildly depressed mood for usually at least 2 years

• display 2+ symptoms

• problems regulating appetite, problems regulating sleep, low energy, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, hopelessness

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

symptoms of schizophrenia that are absent

• toneless voice

• expressionless

• mute

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

symptoms of schizophrenia that are added/present

• hallucinations

• disorganized speech

• inappropriate emotions

Posttraumatic Growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

• positive

• growth

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

• after trauma

• flashbacks

Psychodynamic Therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

• help understand current symptoms

• focus on relationships

Psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

• “crazy, psycho”

• unaware of reality

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

• irreversible

• mainly banned now

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self defeating attitudes and assumptions

• very straight forward

• you’re delulu

Regression Toward the Mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

• toward average

• go back

Relative Deprivation

the feeling of being deprived or entitled to something when comparing oneself to a standard, either an expectation or the possessions of others

• feel that you are less than the standard

• comparing yourself

Rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

• overthinking

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

• hallucinations

• external irrelevant stimuli

Self-Serving Bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorable

• over confident

Social Anxiety Disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

• fear of embarrassment/judgement from others

• does not want to be in social settings

Specific Phobia Disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

• can be mild or intense as it impedes on life

• many avoid stimulus

Stress and Stressors

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (Stressors) that we appraise as threatening or challenging

• Stressors are what stress us out

• can have health effects

Subjective Well-Being

refers to a person's overall evaluation of their life, encompassing both cognitive judgments of satisfaction and affective experiences of emotions, like happiness and sadness. 

• evaluate life

Systematic Desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

• used to treat phobias

• stages

Tardive Dyskinesia

Sudden muscle jerks and feelings of no control over body

• response to drugs

• allergic reaction

Tend-and-Befriend

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

• mainly women

• caring

Therapeutic Alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

• therapist-client bond/relationship

Token Economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

• stamp passports

• effective for kids

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

• pulses through skull

• treats depression