HL Cognitive approach to understanding behaviour (copy)

Cognitive Psychology

The branch of psychology that studies mental processes, including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn.

Cognition

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Schema

Mental representations derived from prior experience and knowledge that help us process information.

Reconstructive Memory

The process of remembering past events where accuracy may be influenced by current information or personal biases.

Dual Process Model

A theory that describes two systems of thinking: System 1 (fast, intuitive) and System 2 (slow, deliberate).

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

Anchoring Bias

The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.

Flashbulb Memory

A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

Transactive Memory

A memory system that exists within a group where members remember how to retrieve information from others.

Self-Efficacy

An individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Social Comparison Theory

The theory that people determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.

Availability Heuristic

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.

Peak-End Rule

The principle that people judge an experience based largely on how they felt at its peak and its end rather than the total sum of every moment.

Cognitive Miser

A term denoting the tendency of individuals to conserve cognitive energy by taking mental shortcuts.

Misinformation Effect

The tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning that occurs when an individual observes the rewards or punishments of another individual's behavior.

Long-Term Memory

The phase or state of memory in which information is stored for future use.

Short-Term Memory

The phase of memory that holds a small amount of information for a brief period.

Multi-store Model

A model of memory that describes memory as having three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Working Memory Model

An extension of the multi-store model that includes components for handling different types of information processing.

Cognitive Bias

Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, leading to illogical conclusions.

Cognitive Load

The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.

Ulric Neisser

A cognitive psychologist known as the father of cognitive psychology, emphasizing the importance of studying mental processes.

Bartlett's Schema Theory

A theory positing that memory is reconstructive and influenced by prior knowledge and experiences.