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What are the major mosquito-borne diseases in Malaysia?
Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
Japanese encephalitis (JE)
Lymphatic filariasis
Malaria
What is the vector of dengue ?
bites of infected mosquito from the genus Aedes
Aedes albopictus : rural species of mosquitoes which breeds in natural water containers such as treeholes
Aedes aegypti : urban species of mosquitoes which breeds in artificial water containers such as vase
What are the pathogens of dengue?
viruses from the family of Flaviviridae
i) DEN-1
ii) DEN-2
iii) DEN-3
iv) DEN-4
What are the reservoirs of dengue?
Human (main reservoir)
Primates (jungle reservoir)
What is the generalized mosquito life cycle?
Eggs - First Larval Stage - Second Larval Stage - Third Larval Stage - Fourth Larval Stage - Pupal Stage - Adult - Eggs
What are the symptoms and diagnosis done for dengue and DHF ?
Symptoms : i) headache ii) pain behind the eyes iii) muscle and joint pain iv) vomitting
Diagnosis : serological tests
What causes the increases cases of JE?
deforestation
agricultural development
irrigation
What is the vector of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) ?
Culex sp. mosquitoes
Culex gelidus
Culex vishnui
What is the pathogens of JE ?
Japanese encephalitis virus from the family of Flaviviridae
What are the reservoir of JE?
Birds and pigs
What is the life cycle of Culex?
Egg raft - larvae - pupae - adult Culex - Egg raft
Explain the transmission of JE
Infected mosquito bites a bird & passes the virus
Mosquito bites a bird and picks up the JE virus
Infected mosquito bites animal & passes the JE virus
Virus multiplies inside body cells
Mosquito bites infected animal & pick up the JE virus
Infected mosquitoes bites human & non host animals who are unable to pass on the virus
What are the symptoms ans diagnosis done for JE?
Symptoms : chill, fever, nausea, vomitting, seizure, become “vegetable stage” with the infection (usually for the children)
Diagnosis : serological tests of blood and spinal fluid
What are the vectors of lymphatic filariasis?
Mosquitoes from the genus Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Mansonia
What are the pathogens of lymphatic filariasis?
Nematodes worm (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Wuchereria bancrofti)
What are the reservoirs of lymphatic filariasis?
human, primates, domestic cats
What are the symptoms of lymphatic filariasis?
usually fever but do not show for a long period of time
block the lymph nodes causing the limbs to swell (elephantiasis)
What are the diagnosis and treatment done for elephantiasis?
Diagnosis : blood smear for microfilariae
Treatment : anti-filarial drugs
What are the control and prevention methods for these medically important mosquitoes?
Biological control
Chemical control
Mechanical control
Environmental management
Integrated management
Explain the biological control used for medically important mosquitoes
Biological control agents : use of natural organisms (pathogens : bacteria , fungi; predators : guppy, tilapia fish)
Advantage : environmental friendly
Disadvantage : less effective
Explain the chemical control used for medically important mosquitoes
Chemical controls : use of synthetic chemicals eg: chlorinated hydrocarbon (DDT), carbamates, chitin inhibitors
Advantage : highly effective
Disadvantage : costly, not environmentally friendly
Explain the mechanical control used for medically important mosquitoes
Mechanical controls : creating a barrier (bed nets & proper clothing)
Advantage : environmentally friendly
Disadvantage : costly
Explain the environmental management control used for medically important mosquitoes
Environmental management : source reduction , swamp alteration
Advantage : eliminate vector breeding site permanently
Disadvantage : disrupt ecology, not environmentally friendly
Explain the integrated vector control used for medically important mosquitoes
employment of several control methods to ensure effective measures against vectors
eg : 1) source reduction and spraying insecticide for controlling Aedes mosquito
2) using bednets impregneted with permethrin
3) install window netting to prevent mosquito from entering houses
What are the preventive measures against insect-borne diseases?
Health education about insect-borne diseases
Vaccination