LU 4 Mosquito-Borne Diseases

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25 Terms

1
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What are the major mosquito-borne diseases in Malaysia?

  • Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)

  • Japanese encephalitis (JE)

  • Lymphatic filariasis

  • Malaria

2
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What is the vector of dengue ?

  • bites of infected mosquito from the genus Aedes

  • Aedes albopictus : rural species of mosquitoes which breeds in natural water containers such as treeholes

  • Aedes aegypti : urban species of mosquitoes which breeds in artificial water containers such as vase

3
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What are the pathogens of dengue?

  • viruses from the family of Flaviviridae

  • i) DEN-1

  • ii) DEN-2

  • iii) DEN-3

  • iv) DEN-4

4
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What are the reservoirs of dengue?

  • Human (main reservoir)

  • Primates (jungle reservoir)

5
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What is the generalized mosquito life cycle?

Eggs - First Larval Stage - Second Larval Stage - Third Larval Stage - Fourth Larval Stage - Pupal Stage - Adult - Eggs

6
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What are the symptoms and diagnosis done for dengue and DHF ?

  • Symptoms : i) headache ii) pain behind the eyes iii) muscle and joint pain iv) vomitting

  • Diagnosis : serological tests

7
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What causes the increases cases of JE?

  • deforestation

  • agricultural development

  • irrigation

8
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What is the vector of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) ?

Culex sp. mosquitoes

  • Culex gelidus

  • Culex vishnui

9
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What is the pathogens of JE ?

Japanese encephalitis virus from the family of Flaviviridae

10
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What are the reservoir of JE?

Birds and pigs

11
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What is the life cycle of Culex?

Egg raft - larvae - pupae - adult Culex - Egg raft

12
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Explain the transmission of JE

  1. Infected mosquito bites a bird & passes the virus

  2. Mosquito bites a bird and picks up the JE virus

  3. Infected mosquito bites animal & passes the JE virus

  4. Virus multiplies inside body cells

  5. Mosquito bites infected animal & pick up the JE virus

  6. Infected mosquitoes bites human & non host animals who are unable to pass on the virus

13
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What are the symptoms ans diagnosis done for JE?

  • Symptoms : chill, fever, nausea, vomitting, seizure, become “vegetable stage” with the infection (usually for the children)

  • Diagnosis : serological tests of blood and spinal fluid

14
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What are the vectors of lymphatic filariasis?

  • Mosquitoes from the genus Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Mansonia

15
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What are the pathogens of lymphatic filariasis?

  • Nematodes worm (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Wuchereria bancrofti)

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What are the reservoirs of lymphatic filariasis?

  • human, primates, domestic cats

17
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What are the symptoms of lymphatic filariasis?

  • usually fever but do not show for a long period of time

  • block the lymph nodes causing the limbs to swell (elephantiasis)

18
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What are the diagnosis and treatment done for elephantiasis?

  • Diagnosis : blood smear for microfilariae

  • Treatment : anti-filarial drugs

19
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What are the control and prevention methods for these medically important mosquitoes?

  • Biological control

  • Chemical control

  • Mechanical control

  • Environmental management

  • Integrated management

20
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Explain the biological control used for medically important mosquitoes

  • Biological control agents : use of natural organisms (pathogens : bacteria , fungi; predators : guppy, tilapia fish)

  • Advantage : environmental friendly

  • Disadvantage : less effective

21
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Explain the chemical control used for medically important mosquitoes

  • Chemical controls : use of synthetic chemicals eg: chlorinated hydrocarbon (DDT), carbamates, chitin inhibitors

  • Advantage : highly effective

  • Disadvantage : costly, not environmentally friendly

22
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Explain the mechanical control used for medically important mosquitoes

  • Mechanical controls : creating a barrier (bed nets & proper clothing)

  • Advantage : environmentally friendly

  • Disadvantage : costly

23
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Explain the environmental management control used for medically important mosquitoes

  • Environmental management : source reduction , swamp alteration

  • Advantage : eliminate vector breeding site permanently

  • Disadvantage : disrupt ecology, not environmentally friendly

24
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Explain the integrated vector control used for medically important mosquitoes

  • employment of several control methods to ensure effective measures against vectors

  • eg : 1) source reduction and spraying insecticide for controlling Aedes mosquito

  • 2) using bednets impregneted with permethrin

  • 3) install window netting to prevent mosquito from entering houses

25
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What are the preventive measures against insect-borne diseases?

  • Health education about insect-borne diseases

  • Vaccination