b5

Achondroplastic dwarfism

failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis which results in long bones that stop growing and disproportioned limbs

Pituitary dwarfism

lack of growth hormone, so growth is stunted but proportionately

Calcitriol

Form of vit D that raises blood calcium in three ways: increasing absorption in the small intestine, increasing resorption from skeleton by stimulating formation of osteoclasts, weakly promote reabsorption from the kidneys.

Calcitonin

produced in the thyroid gland and secreted when blood calcium levels are too low. They lower blood calcium in two ways via a negative feedback loop. Osteoclast inhibition (to reduce bone resorption) and osteoblast stimulation (to deposit calcium into bone)

Parathyroid hormone

secreted by the parathyroid gland in response to low calcium levels. It raises calcium in four ways: binds to receptors on osteoblasts which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, promote calcium reabsorption by kidneys so less are lost in urine, enhancing the calcium-raising effect of calcitriol, inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts which inhibits bone deposition.

Hematoma forms granulation tissue, vessels bring tissues, Granulation tissue forms with collagen and fibrocartilage making a soft callus, osteoblasts deposit, and osteoclasts remove bone fragments while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and compact bone

Describe the steps of the body to heal a fracture.

Sutures, Gomphoses, and Syndesmoses

three types of fibrous joints

between bones of the skull

where are Sutures found?

attachment of a tooth

where are Gomphoses found?

binding two bones

where are Syndesmoses found?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage makes up the pubic symphysis?

allow for flexibility, important for birth

pubic symphysis, Why does it need to be semi-flexible?

Shoulder joint

which joint has the largest ROM?

anterior dislocations of shoulder joints

most common dislocation

Ball-and-socket, Condylar, Saddle, Plane, Hinge, and Pivot

six synovial joints

hip and shoulder

example of Ball-and-socket

wrist by radius

example of Condylar

thumb

example of Saddle

foot

example of Plane

elbow, knee, and finger

example of Hinge

C1 and C2

example of Pivot

Femur, tibia, fibula, and patella

bones of knee joint

Scapula, clavicle, and humerous

bones of shoulder joint