GLS325 Exam II Study Guide

Chapters 8, 10, 11, 13-15, in-class presentations, extra presentations, etc.

What are examples of urban tourism?

Hong Kong, Hollywood, London, Bangkok

What are examples of rural tourism?

Acadia National Park, Agritourism, Mt. Kilimanjaro

What are examples of coastal tourism?

Croatia, Miami, Bali

What different elements make up the appeal of destinations?

Physical destination itself and unusual transport or accommodation

What must we consider for the nature of destinations?

the physical and psychological elements of destinations and the image and promotion of a destination

What are physical elements of destinations?

Amenities and infrastructure

What are psychological elements of destinations?

Atmosphere (easy-going, relaxed, exciting, exotic, frenetic and distinguished) and emotions generated (shock, awe, security and joyfulness)

What is important about the image of a destination?

Stereotypes that could be maintained by promotion and image can be linked to destination branding

What is an example of a stereotype in Paris and London?

Paris:
•Lovers, accordions, onion-sellers, berets and good food
London:
•Traditional, reserved, red buses, policemen and poor weather

What are the 5 distinct groupings for destinations?

Centered destination, base destination, multi-center holidays, touring destination, and transit destination

What is a centered destination?

Most frequent; traditional form of holiday arrangement where tourist travels to destination where they spend majority of their time

What is a base destination?

Where surrounding region can be explored; urban locations have established themselves as regional tourism base

What is a multi-center holiday destination?

Include two or more destinations of equal importance in itinerary

What is a touring destination?

Part of linear itinerary including spots at a number of points

What is a transit destination?

Provide overnight stop en route to final destination; principal aim is to break journey

What are the 3 categories of destinations by physical or geographic characteristics?

Coastal, urban, and rural

Why is coastal tourism popular among tourists?

Attractiveness of resort is combination of sun, sea, and sand, cultural and sporting attractions

What do the characteristics of coastal resorts do?

They influence their appeal to different markets

What is the combination of sun, sand, and sea also referred to as?

The 3 S’s

What can be attractions and are viewable from land or sea?

Coastlines

What might the future of coastal tourism bring issues for?

Erosion and rising sea levels and development of artificial beaches

What are changes happening to coastal tourism?

Investment and modernization to appeal to new markets, access restrictions to address environmental damage, and growing popularity of new destinations

What are examples of growing popularity of new coastal destinations?

Dubai, UAE, Pattya in Thailand

What are some characteristics of urban tourism?

Town or city destinations offer a diversity of attractions and capital and cultural cities often rank among the most popular

How has urban tourism prospered to maintain its attraction for visitors?

It has been fueled by growing interest in cultural activities, historical, modern, architecture, and appeal of shopping as leisure activity; arts festivals, cultural, and sports events have added to the appeal; rivers and canals flowing through city centers when landscape attractively

Why are cityscapes an important element in appeal to tourists in urban tourism?

They have a clearly defined center, well-established shopping and entertainment districts, and attractive enclaves and parks

Why is rural tourism attractive to tourists?

Appeal of the natural environment like lakes, mountains, scenic countryside (trail tourism, waterscapes, woodlands/forests), agrotourism, and wilderness areas

What are the 3 important points we should highlight in relation to tourist destinations?

(1) Changes of their long-term success will be significantly enhanced if benefits they offer are unique, (2) more benefits a destination can offer, the greater the attraction of destination will be, and (3) no destination can rely on its past successes to continue to attract tourists

What is the majority of the mass tourism movement directed at?

Sun, sea, and sand destinations

What should we focus on for the design of the built and natural environment?

Consider the existing public realm (public amenities like parks, squares, gardens, public toilets, litter collection, paved areas, street furniture, car parking), may use pedestrianization to create space for hosts and visitors to access destination, and art, lighting, floral displays, and signposting can all enhance the experience

What influence does the media have on tourism?

Films and TV programs which show locations can stimulate tourist demand and tourism promotions may include film trails, movie maps, or advertising which reinforces these links

What are the international tourist organizations?

UNWTO, WTTC, IATA, PATA, and ICAOGTS

What are the national tourist organizations?

NTTO, CTC, USTA, TSA, FAA

What are the local tourist organizations?

MOTT, MTA, and ATP

What is UNWTO (IGO)?

Promotes responsible, accessible, sustainable tourism; part of the United Nations

What is WTTC?

World Travel and Tourism Council; top 100 tourism business leaders

What is the IATA?

International Air Transport Association, private; coordination of air travel by 230+ airlines

What is the PATA?

Pacific Asia Travel Association; organization of 2000+ private and public groups in one major world region

What is the ICAO?

International Civil Aviation Organization; global travel safety

What is the NTTO?

National Travel and Tourism Office; part of US International Trade Administration; responsible for research, strategy, and export promotion

What is the USTA?

United States Travel Association; non-profit private organization representing and advocating for all components of travel industry (500k members)

What is the TSA?

Transportation Security Administration; national organization for air travel security following 9/11

What is the FAA?

Federal Aviation Administration; responsible for air regulations (safety, efficiency, and sustainability)

What is the MOTT?

Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism; responsible for tourism coordination and promotion at the subnational level

What are activities specifically intended to transmit culture?

Libraries, museums, exhibitions; musical, dramatic, or film performances; radio and television programs; study tours; long term study abroad; scientific expeditions; joint production of films; conferences

What are Swarbrooke’s 4 categories of attractions?

(1) Features within natural environment, (2) purpose-built structures and sites designed for purposes other than attracting visitors, (3) purpose-built structures and sites designed to attract visitors, and (4) special events

What are characteristics of iconic attractions?

Act as a magnet to attract tourists, may be used in marketing and promotion efforts, and image of icon is inseparable from that of the destination

What are different kinds of historic attractions?

Historic buildings, seaside piers, archaeological sites, battlefields, and industrial tourism

What are examples of modern structures?

Commercial offices, private houses, bridges, monuments and memorials, and towers

Why are tourists attracted to modern buildings?

Modern buildings represent a fusion of artistic creativity and high technology, and tourists are fascinated by the sight of tall towers or other buildings

Why are museums and art galleries significant for tourism?

They can act as a catalyst for visiting a destination, and in some cases, become the major reason for the visit to the destination

What are many museums formally?

They are former homes of famous people, and trustees have curatorial and research role in safeguarding and investing documents of its famous owner and encouraging tourist trade for commercial reasons

What are the different categories of parks and gardens?

Gardens and arboreta, wildlife parks, and theme and amusement parks

What are examples of gardens and arboreta?

Chateau de Versailles, France and Royal Botanic Gardens, and Kew in England

What are examples of wildlife parks?

Kruger National Park and South Africa and Singapore Zoo

What is an example of a theme and amusement park?

Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, US

What are other influential factors attracting visitors?

Cultural tourism, religious tourism, sports tourism, shopping, gastronomy tourism, medical tourism, spa tourism, and dark tourism

What are the variety of forms of religious tourism?

Pilgrimages, missionary travel, faith-based holidays, retreats, and religious tourist attractions

Where is medical tourism almost exclusively centered around?

Urban areas

What is the term medical tourism being used to refer to?

Tourists who travel to another country specifically to consult specialists or undergo medical treatment

What have thanatourism and dark tourism been used to describe?

Tourists’ fascination with death and macabre

What are the different forms of event tourism?

Cultural events, sport events, and business events

What are kinds of cultural events?

Cultural celebrations that include festivals, carnivals, commemorations, religious events; political and state: summits, royal occasions, political events, VIP visits; arts and entertainment: concerts and award ceremonies

What are kinds of sports events?

Competitions: amateur/professional, spectator/participant; recreational: sport and games for fun

What are kinds of business events?

Business and trade: meetings, conventions, consumer and trade shows fairs and markets; educational and scientific: conferences, seminars, clinics

What is the European Capitals of Culture (ECC) award?

EU boosts tourism to cities each year that claim a strong cultural basis by awarding them title ECC, and ECC ensures chosen towns make substantial investment in infrastructure and superstructure in anticipation of resulting increased tourist flows during the year of award and following years

What are examples of famous sports events?

Summer Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, Rugby World Cup, World Athletics Championships, and Commonwealth Games

What are the three categories of sports that attract visitors?

Traditional sports, niche sports, and extreme sports

What are the traditional sports?

Football, rugby, netball, cricket, tennis, hockey, baseball, basketball, gymnastics, and running

What are the niche sports?

Disc golf, roller derby, kabaddi

What are the extreme sports?

Mud runs, ironman, extreme laser tag, canyoning

What is one major advantage of event tourism?

Little additional infrastructure is required and events with tourist appeal may already exist to serve local community and/or business environment

True or False: Events can only be attractions

False; events can be attractions in their own right as well as acting as a means of animating a destination

What are different types of attractions for event tourism?

Heritage attractions, commercial attractions, and live entertainment

What are kinds of heritage attractions?

Museums and historical sites, zoos and aquariums, and parks and preserves

What are kinds of commercial attractions?

Academic and professional conferences, The World’s Fair, Pan-American Exposition, amusement and theme parks, and gaming and shopping

What are kinds of live entertainment?

Sporting activities, performing arts, and fairs and festivals

What does the future look like for event tourism?

Offering unique events can be way of avoiding identikit destination, increased professionalization of industry is enhancing benefits and controlling negative impacts, public funding of events is seeing greater scrutiny (environmental issues and labor law violations), and the issue of sportswashing

What is the definition of business tourism?

Travel for commercial, professional, and work-related purposes

What tourists are the highest spending cateory of travelers?

Business tourists

What are the 4 forms of business tourism

(1) Meetings and conferences, (2) Exhibitions and trade fairs, (3) Incentive travel, and (4) Individual business travel

What are the different types of meetings?

Association meetings, corporate meetings, government meetings, and SMERF meetings

What does the acronym SMERF stand for?

Stands for other kinds of meetings; social, military, educational, religious, and fraternal

In the meetings industry, what are some kinds of venues?

Conference centers, hotels, academic venues, and unusual venues

In the meetings industry, what are some kinds of other supplies aside from venues?

Caterers, audio-visual suppliers, interpreters, and meeting planners

What is the distinction between exhibitions and trade fairs?

Exhibitions predominantly attract the general public whereas trade fairs predominantly attract trade and business visitors; some events combine two types

What are the different travel patterns for tourists attending exhibitions compared to trade fairs?

General public (exhibitions) tend to make day trips to exhibitions while business visitors to a trade fair may attend over several days

What are venues in the exhibition and trade fair industry?

Purpose-built exhibition centers; smaller events may be held in hotels or arenas, concert halls, or conference centers

What are organizers in the exhibition and trade fair industry?

They make money by identifying opportunities for new exhibitions or trade shows and running these events, usually on a regular basis, for profit

What are stand/booth contractors in the exhibition and trade fair industry?

They design and build stands for exhibiting companies

What is the defintion of incentive travel?

Travel, usually in groups, of employees who have been awarded a luxury trip, entirely paid for by their company, as a prize for high achievement at work

What are the advantages of motivating staff with incentive travel over cash?

Employees networking and socializing, develop company values and use time for “pep” talks, encouraging non-winners to try harder, and winners return to work refreshed and rested

What are the advantages of motivating staff with cash over incentive travel?

Low risk (simple to operate scheme), no loss of productivity due to employee absence, flexibility, and concern over work-life balance

True or False: The same services, facilities, and resources that are used by business tourists are used by leisure tourists

True

What are incentive travel houses?

Intermediaries who organize incentive trips

What are reasons for individual business trips?

Meet with clients, meeting colleagues in other locations, and performing work activities in multiple locations

What are specific needs of business travelers to be considered?

Transport, accommodation, and business travel agencies

What do corporate travel policies do?

Manage travel activities of employees

What are the 3 main reasons for employers wanting to avoid cutting their business travel costs to the bare minimum?

Staff comfort, staff safety, and staff loyalty and morale