HPNU 1010 Exam 4 Study Guide

Ultimate goal of reproduction

Produce offspring and pass genetic material

Acrosome - what is it

Cap on sperm head containing enzymes to penetrate the egg

Acrosome - what if defective

Sperm cannot penetrate egg and fertilization cannot occur

Where sperm production takes place

Seminiferous tubules of testes

Sperm energy source

Fructose from seminal fluid

Uterine anatomy - layers of uterus

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

Where fertilized egg implants

Endometrium

Mammary glands - what prepares them

Estrogen and progesterone

Ultimate goal of male reproductive system

Deliver sperm

Number of chromosomes in sperm

23 haploid

Corpus luteum - what it does

Produces progesterone and estrogen

Corpus luteum - implantation

Remains active and continues hormone production

Corpus luteum - no implantation

Degenerates into corpus albicans

Home pregnancy test detects what hormone

hCG

Female 28-day cycle

Follicular phase ovulation luteal phase

Umbilical cord and placenta purpose

Exchange gases nutrients wastes

Where fertilization takes place

Ampulla of uterine tube

Point and shoot

Erection = parasympathetic, ejaculation = sympathetic

Primary source of nitrogenous wastes

Protein metabolism producing urea

What the kidneys regulate

Water, electrolytes, pH, blood pressure, wastes

Kidney anatomy blood and urine path

Renal artery, glomerulus, tubules, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter

Tubular secretion definition

Solutes move from blood to tubule

ADH - what it does

Increases water reabsorption

Alcohol effect on ADH

Inhibits ADH increases urine

Micturition reflex

Reflex controlling bladder emptying

Erythropoietin - what it does

Stimulates red blood cell production

Why kidney releases erythropoietin

Low blood oxygen

Kidney stones

Crystallized mineral deposits in kidneys

Conditions semen face

Acidic environment, immune cells, mucus

Where and how long fertilization occurs

Uterine tube within 24 hours of ovulation

What defines fertilization

Fusion of sperm and egg nuclei

How polyspermy is prevented

Cortical reaction blocks other sperm

Where blastocyst implants

Endometrium

Endoderm gives rise to

Digestive and respiratory linings

Mesoderm gives rise to

Muscle bone blood kidneys

Ectoderm gives rise to

Skin and nervous system

Somites give rise to

Vertebrae, ribs, skeletal muscle

Ectodermal folds develop into

Neural tube

What determines male vs female

SRY gene presence or absence

Baby movement in womb

5 to 6 months

System fully functioning at birth

Respiratory system

Post-birth changes

Lungs expand, foramen ovale closes, ductus arteriosus closes

What causes baby's first breath

CO₂ rise and temperature change

Stages of labor

Dilation expulsion placental

Afterbirth

Delivery of placenta

Milk production - colostrum

First nutrient-rich secretion

Puberty definition

Reproductive maturity

What stimulates puberty

Increase in GnRH LH FSH

Aging and immune reduction

Weaker immune response reduced T-cells

Systems that define death

Loss of brain respiratory or cardiac function

Elderly absorption ability

Reduced vitamin and medication absorption