Studied by 6 people
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evolution
change in genetic composition of populations over time
descent with modification
divergent species share a common ancestor
natural selection
individuals whose inherited traits give them a better chance of reproducing leave more offspring
artificial selection
human intervention of breeding
evolutionary theory
understanding and application of the processes of the evolutionary change to biological problems
population
a group of individuals of a single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area at the same time
mutation
any change in a nucleotide sequence
gene pool
sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population
allele frequency
proportion of each allele in the gene pool
genotype frequency
proportion of each genotype among individuals in the population
hardy-weinberg equilibrium
no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow
genetic drift
random changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to random sampling
founder effect
genetic drift changes allele frequencies when a few individuals colonize an area
population bottleneck
when an environment event results in survival of only a few individuals
gene flow
migration of individuals or movement of gametes between populations
fitness
reproductive contribution of a phenotype to subsequent generations relative to the contributions of other phenotypes
stabilizing selection
favors average individuals
directional selection
favors individuals that vary in one direction from the mean
disruptive selection
favors individuals that vary in both directions from the mean
sexual selection
occurs when individuals of one sex mate preferentially with particular individuals of the opposite sex rather than at random
frequency-dependent selection
maintains genetic variation: a polymorphism can be maintained when fitness depends on its frequency in the population
heterozygote advantage
in changing conditions, heterozygous individuals are likely to outperform homozygotes
