PhysicalScienceHUMSSG12

Atom

smallest unit that makes up all matter

Subatomic particles

proton, neutron, electron

Element

is a pure substance that represent the species (variety) of a specific atom

Isotopes

• atoms of the same element but with different atomic mass (different number of neutron)

Proton

positively charged particle located in the nucleus along with the neutron

Neutron

uncharged particle

Electron

negatively charged particle located around the nucleus

Big Bang Theory

postulates that the universe emerged from a state of enormous density and energy

Universe

Everything came from a single point and expanded to now what we call

George Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre

Proposed the Big Bang Theory

Evidences of the Big Bang

Cosmic Expansion

Cosmic Microwave Background

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Cosmic Wave

Edwin Hubble

Cosmic Microwave Background

George Gamow

Nucleosynthesis

is the formation of atomic nuclei

Nucleosynthesis

occurred right after the Big Bang

Nucleosynthesis

started as quarks forming the protons and neutrons

Energy

comes from various nuclear fusion reactions between light elements

Atoms collide

and alters atomic structures and releases an enormous quantity of energy

Nuclear fusion

the hydrogen is converted to helium through the process

Explosion of a star (supernova)

results to the formation of elements heavier than iron, Fe

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

formation light elements

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

formation of elements in the stars' interior

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

occurs through nuclear fusion and electron capture

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

responsible for the formation of elements heavier than Helium

Hydrogen Burning

fusion of four hydrogen nuclei to form a helium nucleus

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Cycle

conversion of hydrogen to helium among massive stars by using carbon as catalyst

Tri-alpha process

Helium is burned to produce Carbon

Tri-alpha process

alpha particle is equivalent to Helium atom

Tri-alpha process

first reaction forms unstable Beryllium

Aloha ladder process

additional helium-burning reactions results to synthesis or formation of heavier nuclei up to iron

Supernova Nucleosynthesis

the reason for the formation of heavier nuclei after Iron

Neutron capture

The pathway for heavier nuclei to be formed is through

Neutron Capture

happens when a neutron is added to a seed nucleus

S-process

• addition of neutron is so slow that beta decay happened before another neutron is added to the nucleus

R-process

fast capture of neutron before radioactive decay occurs

Astrochemist

They intensely study the periodic table - but within the context of space rather than of Earth