unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

What were the motivating factors behind New Imperialism?

God, Gold, Glory, along with four new ideologies: Nationalism, Scientific Racism, Social Darwinism, and Civilizing Mission.

How did Nationalism influence imperialism during this period?

Nationalism linked people's loyalties to their nation, fueling desires for large empires and leading to rivalries among imperial states.

What is Scientific Racism?

The idea that humans can be hierarchically ranked based on race, classifying humanity into 'US' (White) and 'THEM' (Non-White).

What was Phrenology and its significance in Scientific Racism?

Phrenology was the study of skull shape and size, used to argue that whites were superior due to larger skulls.

What is Social Darwinism and who created it?

Social Darwinism, created by Charles Darwin, emphasized 'survival of the fittest' and suggested that western industrial societies were the best suited to thrive.

What was the Civilizing Mission ideology?

The belief that western societies had a duty to bring their civilization to 'lower' societies, including sending missionaries and imposing western education.

What geographical areas were the focus of imperial expansion during this period?

Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Which imperial states were declining and which were emerging during this period?

Declining: Spain & Portugal; Emerging: Britain, France, the Dutch, Germany, Italy, Belgium, USA, and Japan.

What was the significance of the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?

It was a meeting called by Otto Von Bismarck where European powers negotiated the division of Africa into colonial holdings.

What was the method of private to state control in imperialism?

Private colonies, like the Belgian Congo under King Leopold II, were taken over by state governments after public outrage over exploitation.

What was the role of diplomacy in imperialism in Africa?

Diplomacy involved making political agreements through dialogue rather than warfare, exemplified by the negotiations at the Berlin Conference.

How did the British government take control of India?

The British government took over India from the British East India Company.

What was the Dutch takeover in Indonesia?

The Dutch took over Indonesia from the Dutch East India Company.

What was the impact of enlightenment ideas on nationalism?

Enlightenment ideas led people to see themselves as part of a nation rather than subjects of a sovereign, fostering nationalistic desires.

How did nationalism contribute to imperial rivalries?

Nationalism led to the belief that one's nation was superior, intensifying competition among imperial states for colonies.

What was the public reaction to King Leopold II's actions in the Congo?

There was public outrage over his exploitation of the Congo for raw materials, leading to Belgium taking control of the territory.

What were the implications of the 'Scramble for Africa'?

The competition among European powers to claim parts of Africa fueled imperialism and led to the division of the continent.

What was the purpose of sending Christian missionaries to colonized lands?

To convert indigenous peoples to Christianity and impose western-style education.

What was the relationship between industrialization and imperialism?

Industrialization provided the means and motivation for imperial expansion, as nations sought resources and markets.

How did the ideologies of the time justify imperialism?

Ideologies like Scientific Racism and Social Darwinism provided a pseudo-scientific rationale for the domination of 'inferior' races.

What was the effect of imposing western-style education on indigenous cultures?

It suppressed indigenous languages and cultures, promoting western values and knowledge.

What was the overall consequence of industrialization on global relations?

Industrialization led to increased competition among nations for resources and territories, reshaping global power dynamics.

What was the impact of the European Colonial Holdings conference on African ethnic groups?

The conference drew borders in Africa that divided previously united ethnic groups, creating rival ethnic groups.

What was the reason for French military intervention in Algeria?

France was in debt to Algeria and sent a diplomat to negotiate more time for payments, but after the diplomat was disrespected, France sent troops to take over.

What are settler colonies?

Settler colonies are territories claimed by an imperial power that sends its own people to establish an outpost of their society.

Which countries established settler colonies in Australia and New Zealand?

The British established settler colonies in Australia and New Zealand.

What was the result of British colonization on indigenous populations in settler colonies?

British settlers introduced diseases that significantly impacted the indigenous populations, such as the Aborigines and Māori.

What was Manifest Destiny in the context of U.S. territorial expansion?

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans were destined by God to expand across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, leading to the displacement of indigenous peoples.

How did Pan-Slavism influence Russian territorial expansion?

Pan-Slavism united all Slavic people under Russian authority, leading to campaigns to claim neighboring territories after Russia's loss in the Crimean War.

What was the significance of the Meiji Restoration for Japan's expansion?

The Meiji Restoration led to industrialization and modernization of Japan's military, allowing it to build an empire and expand its influence over Korea and Manchuria.

What were the causes of indigenous resistance against colonial powers?

Causes included increasing questions about political authority and a growing sense of nationalism among colonized peoples.

What was the Yaa Asantewaa War, and what prompted it?

The Yaa Asantewaa War, or War of the Golden Stool, was prompted by British attempts to conquer the Asante Kingdom for its gold deposits.

What was the outcome of the Yaa Asantewaa War?

The British won the war due to their superior weaponry.

How did the Cherokee Nation respond to American expansion?

The Cherokee Nation attempted to assimilate into American culture but faced forced removal through the Indian Removal Act.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of the Cherokee people to Oklahoma, resulting in significant suffering and loss.

What was the impact of western-style education on colonized peoples?

Western-style education influenced the educated to question the legitimacy of imperial power, inspired by Enlightenment thought.

What role did nationalism play in indigenous resistance?

The imposition of imperial power sparked a sense of nationalism among colonized peoples, leading to resistance against their oppressors.

What was the significance of the Golden Stool in the Asante Kingdom?

The Golden Stool symbolized the power and authority of the Asante leadership.

What was the outcome of the U.S. rebellion against British rule?

The U.S. won independence from British rule.

What was the impact of American westward expansion on the Cherokee Nation?

American westward expansion led to the marginalization of the Cherokee Nation and the incorporation of their territory into the new state of Oklahoma.

What were religious rebellions in the context of indigenous responses?

Religious rebellions were movements led by indigenous peoples that often combined spiritual beliefs with resistance against colonial powers.

What was the Xhosa Cattle Killing movement?

A movement where the Xhosa people killed all their cattle and crops in hopes that the British would leave their territory, resulting in widespread starvation.

What are export economies?

Economies focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets, often transformed from subsistence farming to serve imperial interests.

What drove the development of export economies in colonial regions?

Imperial powers needed raw materials for industrial factories, leading to a shift from subsistence farming to cash crop cultivation.

What role did guano play in economic development during imperialism?

Guano was extracted as a fertilizer for industrial crop operations, highlighting the need for raw materials.

How did urbanization affect colonial economies?

Urbanization increased the need to supply food to growing urban centers, leading to a shift towards cash crop cultivation.

What was the impact of profits from exports on colonial economies?

Profits from exports were used to purchase finished manufactured goods, integrating colonies into a closed market controlled by imperial powers.

What is economic imperialism?

The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means.

What were the Opium Wars?

Conflicts between Britain and China, initiated when Britain exported opium to China to address trade imbalances, leading to the Treaty of Nanjing.

What was the outcome of the First Opium War?

Britain won and forced China to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, which opened new trading ports to British trade.

What was the Taiping Rebellion?

A religious movement among the ethnic Han Chinese aimed at overthrowing the Manchu rulers, which was ultimately crushed by Qing military.

What was the significance of the Second Opium War?

It involved British and French forces defeating China, resulting in more unequal treaties and the opening of additional trading ports.

How did British investment affect Argentina's economy?

British investment improved Argentina's infrastructure, allowing for increased extraction and export of raw materials to Britain.

What was the relationship between colonial economies and imperial powers?

Colonial economies were reorganized to serve the interests of imperial powers, leading to increased dependence of colonial peoples on their colonizers.

What was the role of palm oil in colonial economies?

Palm oil was extracted in West Africa for use as a lubricant in industrial factories, highlighting the demand for raw materials.

What crops were commonly cultivated as cash crops in colonial economies?

Common cash crops included sugar, coffee, and meat, which were cultivated to meet the demands of growing urban populations.

What was the effect of economic developments on indigenous populations?

Economic developments primarily served the interests of colonizers, leading to greater economic dependence and marginalization of indigenous peoples.

How did the British colonial holdings change during this period?

Britain's colonial holdings doubled as they sought to integrate colonies into a network of trade, benefiting from the extraction of natural resources.

What was the impact of the Treaty of Nanjing on China?

The Treaty of Nanjing opened new trading ports to British trade and marked the beginning of significant economic domination by Western powers.

What was the primary goal of imperial powers in transforming colonial economies?

The primary goal was to produce crops and extract natural resources that served the interests of the imperial powers rather than the local populations.

What were the consequences of the shift from subsistence farming to export economies?

The shift led to increased economic dependence on imperial powers and a focus on producing goods for distant markets rather than local consumption.

What role did the British play in the economic development of Buenos Aires?

British firms heavily invested in improving infrastructure in Buenos Aires, facilitating the extraction and export of raw materials to Britain.

What was the significance of the economic dependence created by imperialism?

It meant that colonial peoples became reliant on their imperial powers for economic stability and access to manufactured goods.

What is the definition of a commodity?

Any good that can be bought or sold on the market.

What are two examples of commodities traded during British imperialism?

Cotton (from India/Egypt) and palm oil (from Sub-Saharan Africa).

How did commodity trade shape the world economy during British imperialism?

It gave imperial powers an economic advantage at the expense of colonial populations.

What environmental factors contributed to migration during industrialization?

Environmental causes, including demographic changes and famine.

What demographic change contributed to migration in Europe?

Population boom due to new diets and medicine, leading to jobless individuals migrating to cities.

What was a significant famine that caused migration in Ireland?

The Irish potato famine, caused by a blight on potato crops.

What technological innovations facilitated migration during the industrial era?

Transportation innovations such as railroads and steamships.

What was the Lebanese Diaspora?

Migration of Lebanese merchants to escape the Ottoman Empire.

What economic reasons drove migration?

Migration for work, including voluntary migration and coerced labor.

What was one form of coerced labor that was prevalent during this period?

The Atlantic slave trade.

What role did convict labor play in British colonial holdings?

Convicts were sent to do labor in penal colonies established by the British and French.

How did indentured servitude emerge as a response to poverty?

The British government facilitated the migration of indentured Indians to parts of their empire.

What was one effect of migration on gender roles?

Men sought jobs in urban centers, leading women to take on male roles and gain financial independence.

What are ethnic enclaves?

Small communities where migrants maintain their culture, language, and traditions.

How did cultural diffusion occur through migration?

Presence of migrant communities contributed to the spread of their home cultures into new societies.

What is nativism?

A policy protecting the interests of native-born people over immigrants, often rooted in ethnic and racial prejudice.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

A U.S. law that banned Chinese immigration.

What was the White Australia Policy?

A policy that aimed to cut off the flow of Asian immigrants to Australia.

How did migration affect family structures in areas like South Africa?

With men absent for work, women led households and took on new economic roles.

What was the impact of Irish enclaves in the U.S.?

The growth of Irish communities contributed to the spread of Catholicism.

What was a consequence of coerced labor systems like indentured servitude?

An increase in poverty and the need for cheap labor in industrialized states.