BIO 1003- Chapter 1 -3 (Quiz #1)

What is science?

Science is a process for understanding the natural world based on searching for information, evidence, and answers to specific questions. Scientists focus on questions that can be observed and measured.

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

• Exploration & Observation

• Hypothesis

• Planned test or experiment

• Predicted result/outcome

• Observed result/outcome

• Conclusion

What is exploration & observation?

Observing something interesting or puzzling and asking a question about it.

What is a hypothesis

a general proposed explanation for a phenomenon

Fact / Law

A statement based on repeated observations that describes some phenomenon regularity detected

in nature. May or may not have an explanation yet. Can be described mathematically. (e.g., Gravity)

what is a prediction

A specific expected outcome of a particular observational or experimental test.

What is an observed result?

What actually happened during the experiment or observation.

What is a conclusion?

An interpretation of the results that determines whether the results match the prediction and what they mean for the hypothesis.

What is a variable?

A characteristic whose value differs between objects, events, or situations

What is a constant?

A characteristic whose value does not differ between objects, events, or situations - prevent other variables from influencing the results, allowing scientists to make valid conclusions about the variables being compared.

What is the experimental/independent variable?

The likely causal factor that is manipulated by the researcher - what is manipulated

What is the response/outcome/dependent variable?

The variable hypothesized to be affected by the experimental variable; it is usually what is measured - what is measured

What are standardized variables?

Variables that are held constant for all test groups so they don't confound the results.

What is circumstantial evidence?

Evidence that requires an inference to connect it to a conclusion.

Does circumstantial evidence prove causality?

No. It does not necessarily rule out alternative explanations or show causality.

What is correlational evidence?

Evidence showing the extent to which two or more variables vary together.

What type of evidence can establish a more direct cause-and-effect relationship?

Experimental evidence

Why is it important to consider alternative hypotheses?

It helps reduce bias and prevents scientists from focusing only on their preferred explanation.

What are ways scientists can reduce bias?

• Random assignment

• Control group/placebo

• Large sample sizes

• Replication

• Single- or double-blind experiments

Why is replication important?

It helps determine whether the results are consistent and repeatable.

lecture - A. Leaves on the plants on the north side of my house seem bigger than leaves on the plants of the south side of my house.

Exploration & Observation

Lecture - When you put limp celery in cold water, it may be internal water pressure that makes the celery crisp.

hypothesis

Lecture- Because the “watered” group grew taller and the “un-watered” group did not, this suggests that plants need water to grow.

Conclusion (Do results match predictions?)

Lecture- The fish that are given more food should weigh more than the fish given less food.

Predicted result/outcome

Lecture - The suspect was found guilty because his fingerprints were found at the

crime scene. What time of evidence?

circumstantial

Lecture - People who eat fatty foods are more likely to suffer heart attacks. What type of evidence?

Correlational Evidence

Lecture- Roses grow better when watered daily than when watered weekly- What type of evidence

Expiremental Evidence

Can a theory contain multiple hypotheses?

Yes. A theory often encompasses multiple hypotheses and sub-components.

What kind of question does a hypothesis usually address

A specific, non-abstract, and not extremely complex question.

What kind of questions do theories address? Is a scientific theory an unsupported hunch?

General, complex, and often abstract questions and concepts - It is supported by extensive evidence and repeated testing.

Why is science considered tentative?

Scientific knowledge can change when new evidence, alternatives, or better explanations become available - conclusions are held according to the strength of the available evidence and remain open to new evidence.

What is a primary source?

An original source containing firsthand research/data, such as the research paper written by scientists who conducted the study.

What is a secondary source?

A source that summarizes or discusses information from primary sources.

What is a tertiary source?

A source that provides general summaries or reference information.

What is pseudoscience?

Claims that appear scientific but do not follow generally accepted scientific processes and cannot be duplicated

What is a major characteristic of science?

Repeatable results.

What is anecdotal evidence?

Evidence based on personal experience, individual stories, or opinion, rather than systematic scientific investigation.

What do standard error bars represent?

Confidence intervals

What are the four parts of the Wesleyan Quadrilateral and what is its goal

scripture, tradition, experience, reason/science
to help in the search for truth

According to the Wesleyan approach, should interpretations always be held with absolute certainty?

No - should be held tentatively and examined against alternatives and outside support.

A group of nurses has volunteered to participate in a study to test the

hypothesis that high doses of Vitamin D promote bone health. How

could the research scientist reduce the possibility of alternative

explanations?

Assign individuals to the control or experimental group using a random

number generator.

CHONP - Nucleic Acids

CHON- Protien, Amino acid

CHO - Lipids - Fatty Acids and glycerol

CHO - Carbohydrates

What elements make up carbohydrates?

CHO — Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

glucose, frutose, galactose

What is a disaccharide?

Two monosaccharides joined together

What is an example of a disaccharide?

maltose, surcrose, lactose

What is a polysaccharide?

Many monosaccharides joined together

What are examples of polysaccharides?

startch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin