Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land
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Anti-natalist policies
Policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country
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Arable land
Land that is suitable for growing crops
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Arithmetic growth
Linear growth of a population - population growth at a constant rate
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Arithmetic Population Density
Calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area
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Asylum
Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns to the home country
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Baby boom
A spike in birth rate
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Baby bust
A lower number of births for a number of years following a baby boom
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Birth deficit
A slow down in the number of births
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Boserup, Ester
Contradicted the Malthus by stating that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work rather than just creating more mouths to feed
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Brain drain
When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
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BRIC Countries
Countries with rapidly developing economies - Brazil, Russia, India, China
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Carrying capacity
The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
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Chain migration
When people migrate choose a migration destination based on others from their home country having previously chosen the destination ex: family, friends, culture groups
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Circulation
Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
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Critical distance
The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel
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Counter migration
A movement in the opposite direction of a migration flow ex: 1990s migration to Mexico
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Crude birth rate
The number of live births per year per each 1,000 people within a country
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Crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per each 1,000 people within a country
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Demographic equation
Used to describe the future population of a region on any scale
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Demographic momentum
When a population continues to grow even after fertility rates have declined due to people living longer
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Demographic transition model (theory)
A tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures
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Demography
The study of population characteristics
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Dependency population
People under the age of 15 or over the age of 64
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Dependency ratio
The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population
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Doubling Time
For an exponentially growing quantity, the amount of time it takes to double in size
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Echo
An increase in births that reflects an earlier baby boom
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Emigration
Moving out of (exiting) a country
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Epidemiologic transition model
An extension of the Demographic Transition Model which explains the changing death rates in relation to the common causes of death in a society
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Ethnicity
A group of people who hare the cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth
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Ethnic enclaves
Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group
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Exponential growth
Compounded growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people are added to a population, also called geometric growth by Malthus
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Female infanticide
Killing female babies
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Forced migration
Involuntary migration, the migrant does not have a choice
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Gravity model of migration
Based on Newton's law of gravity, predicts the influence upon interaction between two places and is not based on distance alone
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Guest worker
Workers who temporarily enter a country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time
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Immigration
Moving into a country
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Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid development brought about by the introduction of machinery and technology, began in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century (1700s)
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Infant mortality rate
The number of babies per 1,000 births who die before the age of one
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In-migration
Immigration into a country
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Internal migration
Migration within a country
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Inter-regional migration
Migration within a region
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Infrastructure
The facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities
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Internally displaced persons (IDP)
Forced migration where migrants move to another part of the same country
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Intervening obstacles
Barriers that make reaching a person's desired destination more difficult, barriers could be political, environmental, or economical
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Intervening opportunity
An opportunity en route tat disrupts an original migration plan
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Life expectancy
The number of years a person is expected to live
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Linear growth
Growth that occurs evenly across each unit over time aka arithmetic
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Malthus, Thomas
His theory states that food production would increase arithmetically but population would grow exponentially which would lead to food shortages if population growth remained unchecked
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Midlatitudes
The regions between 20-30 degrees and 60 degrees, both north and south
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Migration
The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
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Migration transition model
(Zelinsky) states that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. The overcrowding acts as a push factor, which causes people to migrate to less crowded stage 4 or 5 countries.
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Natural increase rate aka Rate of natural increase
The percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining without considering migration
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Neo-Malthusians
Believe that population growth will lead to the depletion of non-renewable resources such as petroleum and that there will be water and food shortages
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Net migration
The number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including citizens and non-citizens
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One child policy
Anti-natalist policy implemented in China, subjected parents who had more than one child to fines
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Out-migration
Emigration out of a country
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Overpopulation
A region having more people than it
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Pandemic
A disease which has spread worldwide
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Physiological Population density
Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land
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Population cohorts
Age groups displayed on a population pyramid
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Population Density
A measure of the average population per square mile (or km) of an area
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Population distribution
The pattern of human settlement - the spread of people across the earth
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Population explosion
A crisis in which population growth occurs in countries which are not prepared to handle the growing numbers of people
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Population pyramid
An age-sex composition graph
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Potential workforce
People ages 15-64
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Pro-natalist policies
Policies designed to increase the fertility rate
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Pull factors
Positive conditions and circumstances which cause a person to choose a destination
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Push factors
Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where a person lives that compel them to leave
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Race
A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics
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Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
Observed patterns in migration such as short distances, multiple steps, rural to urban, higher percentage of youths and males
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Refugees
Displaced persons who cross an international boarder
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Remittances
Money sent to a family in a person's home country
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Restrictive population policies
Laws which limit immigration by means such as the setting of quotas ex: Chinese Exclusion Act which banned immigration from China between 1882 and 1943
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Rural to urban migration
Most migration in history has been from rural (agricultural) areas to urban (city) areas, can be either internal or transnational
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Social stratification
The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity
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Spatial interaction
The contact, movement, and flow of things between locations
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Stationary population level
The level at which a country's population stops growing
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Step migration
The process by which migrants reach their final destination through a series of smaller moves
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Time-Space compression
(Space-time compression) A shortening of the time required for movement, trade, or other forms of interaction between two places
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Total fertility rate
The average number of children born per woman of childbearing years (15-49) in a country
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Transhumance
Occurs in mountainous regions, herders moving their animals to higher areas in the summer and lower elevations during the winter
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Transnational migration
People who move from one country to another (internationally) rather than within a country
Studied by 36 people
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Flashcard (42)