Studied by 36 people
Agricultural population density
Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land
Anti-natalist policies
Policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country
Arable land
Land that is suitable for growing crops
Arithmetic growth
Linear growth of a population - population growth at a constant rate
Arithmetic Population Density
Calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area
Asylum
Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns to the home country
Baby boom
A spike in birth rate
Baby bust
A lower number of births for a number of years following a baby boom
Birth deficit
A slow down in the number of births
Boserup, Ester
Contradicted the Malthus by stating that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work rather than just creating more mouths to feed
Brain drain
When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
BRIC Countries
Countries with rapidly developing economies - Brazil, Russia, India, China
Carrying capacity
The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
Chain migration
When people migrate choose a migration destination based on others from their home country having previously chosen the destination ex: family, friends, culture groups
Circulation
Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
Critical distance
The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel
Counter migration
A movement in the opposite direction of a migration flow ex: 1990s migration to Mexico
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per year per each 1,000 people within a country
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per each 1,000 people within a country
Demographic equation
Used to describe the future population of a region on any scale
Demographic momentum
When a population continues to grow even after fertility rates have declined due to people living longer
Demographic transition model (theory)
A tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures
Demography
The study of population characteristics
Dependency population
People under the age of 15 or over the age of 64
Dependency ratio
The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population
Doubling Time
For an exponentially growing quantity, the amount of time it takes to double in size
Echo
An increase in births that reflects an earlier baby boom
Emigration
Moving out of (exiting) a country
Epidemiologic transition model
An extension of the Demographic Transition Model which explains the changing death rates in relation to the common causes of death in a society
Ethnicity
A group of people who hare the cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth
Ethnic enclaves
Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group
Exponential growth
Compounded growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people are added to a population, also called geometric growth by Malthus
Female infanticide
Killing female babies
Forced migration
Involuntary migration, the migrant does not have a choice
Gravity model of migration
Based on Newton's law of gravity, predicts the influence upon interaction between two places and is not based on distance alone
Guest worker
Workers who temporarily enter a country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time
Immigration
Moving into a country
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid development brought about by the introduction of machinery and technology, began in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century (1700s)
Infant mortality rate
The number of babies per 1,000 births who die before the age of one
In-migration
Immigration into a country
Internal migration
Migration within a country
Inter-regional migration
Migration within a region
Infrastructure
The facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities
Internally displaced persons (IDP)
Forced migration where migrants move to another part of the same country
Intervening obstacles
Barriers that make reaching a person's desired destination more difficult, barriers could be political, environmental, or economical
Intervening opportunity
An opportunity en route tat disrupts an original migration plan
Life expectancy
The number of years a person is expected to live
Linear growth
Growth that occurs evenly across each unit over time aka arithmetic
Malthus, Thomas
His theory states that food production would increase arithmetically but population would grow exponentially which would lead to food shortages if population growth remained unchecked
Midlatitudes
The regions between 20-30 degrees and 60 degrees, both north and south
Migration
The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Migration transition model
(Zelinsky) states that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. The overcrowding acts as a push factor, which causes people to migrate to less crowded stage 4 or 5 countries.
Natural increase rate aka Rate of natural increase
The percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining without considering migration
Neo-Malthusians
Believe that population growth will lead to the depletion of non-renewable resources such as petroleum and that there will be water and food shortages
Net migration
The number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including citizens and non-citizens
One child policy
Anti-natalist policy implemented in China, subjected parents who had more than one child to fines
Out-migration
Emigration out of a country
Overpopulation
A region having more people than it
Pandemic
A disease which has spread worldwide
Physiological Population density
Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land
Population cohorts
Age groups displayed on a population pyramid
Population Density
A measure of the average population per square mile (or km) of an area
Population distribution
The pattern of human settlement - the spread of people across the earth
Population explosion
A crisis in which population growth occurs in countries which are not prepared to handle the growing numbers of people
Population pyramid
An age-sex composition graph
Potential workforce
People ages 15-64
Pro-natalist policies
Policies designed to increase the fertility rate
Pull factors
Positive conditions and circumstances which cause a person to choose a destination
Push factors
Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where a person lives that compel them to leave
Race
A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
Observed patterns in migration such as short distances, multiple steps, rural to urban, higher percentage of youths and males
Refugees
Displaced persons who cross an international boarder
Remittances
Money sent to a family in a person's home country
Restrictive population policies
Laws which limit immigration by means such as the setting of quotas ex: Chinese Exclusion Act which banned immigration from China between 1882 and 1943
Rural to urban migration
Most migration in history has been from rural (agricultural) areas to urban (city) areas, can be either internal or transnational
Social stratification
The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity
Spatial interaction
The contact, movement, and flow of things between locations
Stationary population level
The level at which a country's population stops growing
Step migration
The process by which migrants reach their final destination through a series of smaller moves
Time-Space compression
(Space-time compression) A shortening of the time required for movement, trade, or other forms of interaction between two places
Total fertility rate
The average number of children born per woman of childbearing years (15-49) in a country
Transhumance
Occurs in mountainous regions, herders moving their animals to higher areas in the summer and lower elevations during the winter
Transnational migration
People who move from one country to another (internationally) rather than within a country
Voluntary migration
Occurs when people choose to relocate
Xenophobia
A strong dislike of people of a different country
Zero population growth
Occurs when birth and death rates are equal
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Flashcard (31)