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Thomas Jefferson
Believed in an 'Empire of Liberty,' promoting agrarianism and westward expansion.
Andrew Jackson
Justified Indian Removal to open land for settlers.
James K. Polk
Advocated for annexing Texas and Oregon to fulfill Manifest Destiny.
Abraham Lincoln
Issued the Emancipation Proclamation to weaken the Confederacy and free enslaved people.
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Rose due to his aggressive tactics and victories, leading Union forces.
Gen. William T. Sherman
Implemented 'total war' strategies, including the March to the Sea.
Andrew Johnson
Succeeded Lincoln; his lenient Reconstruction policies faced opposition.
Thaddeus Stevens
Radical Republican advocating for harsh Reconstruction measures.
Rutherford B. Hayes
Became president after the disputed 1876 election, ending Reconstruction.
Karl Marx
Co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto,' promoting class struggle and socialism.
David Livingstone
Missionary who explored Africa, promoting Christianity and commerce.
King Leopold II
Belgian king who exploited Congo's resources, leading to atrocities.
Gavrilo Princip
Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering WWI.
Franz Ferdinand
His assassination sparked the onset of WWI.
Lawrence of Arabia
British officer who supported Arab revolts against the Ottoman Empire.
Tsar Nicholas II
Last Russian emperor; abdicated during the 1917 revolution.
Vladimir Lenin
Led the Bolshevik Revolution, establishing a communist government in Russia.
Teddy Roosevelt
Progressive president known for trust-busting and conservation efforts.
Woodrow Wilson
Led U.S. during WWI; proposed the League of Nations.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Implemented New Deal to combat the Great Depression.
Harry Truman
Authorized atomic bombings in Japan, ending WWII.
Joseph Stalin
Soviet leader; expanded communism and led during WWII.
Adolf Hitler
Nazi dictator whose policies led to WWII and the Holocaust.
Benito Mussolini
Fascist leader of Italy, allied with Hitler.
Hideki Tojo
Japanese general during WWII, responsible for Pearl Harbor attack.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Mapped territories, established U.S. presence.
Indian Removal Act & Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of Native Americans.
Polk's Expansion
Annexed Texas and Oregon; led to Mexican-American War.
Slave vs. Free Debate
Disputes over slavery in new territories.
Nat Turner's Revolt
Slave uprising in 1831.
Fugitive Slave Law
Required return of escaped slaves.
Bleeding Kansas
Violence over slavery in Kansas territory.
John Brown's Raid
Attempted to start a slave revolt at Harpers Ferry.
Republican Party Formation
Opposed expansion of slavery.
Secession
Southern states left the Union after Lincoln's election.
Civil War Phases
Early (1861-62), Mid (1862-63), Late (1863-64), Final (1864-65).
North vs. South
North had more resources; South had better military leaders.
Anaconda Plan
Union strategy to blockade and divide the South.
Manassas (Bull Run)
First major battle; Confederate victory.
Antietam
Bloodiest single-day battle; led to Emancipation Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed slaves in Confederate states.
Grant's Rise
Gained prominence through victories at Fort Donelson and Vicksburg.
Sherman's March
Devastated South's infrastructure.
Total War
Targeted civilian and military resources.
Reconstruction
Efforts to rebuild and integrate Southern states.
Freedmen's Bureau
Assisted freed slaves and poor whites.
Black Codes
Restricted freedoms of African Americans.
KKK
White supremacist group opposing Reconstruction.
Radical vs. Democrat Plans
Radicals sought harsher measures; Democrats favored leniency.
End of Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877; withdrawal of federal troops.
Industrial Revolution
Shift to factory-based production.
Capitalism
Private ownership; profit.