PSY 200 - Final Exam Study Set (Openstax 2e)

Stages of Prenatal Development

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

lifespan developmental psychology

study of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes throughout the lifespan, from conception until death

lifespan development stages

infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, middle adulthood, elder adulthood

Teratogens

(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

3 Main Debates of Developmental Psychology

nature v. nurture, continuity v. discontinuity, universal v. context specific

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

egocentricism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Object Permanence (Piaget)

concept, gained in infancy, that objects continue to exist even when they are hidden from view

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

living will, advanced directive

documents specifying your preference with regard to medical interventions if you become incapacitated

Healthcare Proxy

Legal empowerment of a third party to make decisions regarding the health care of an individual.

Power of Attorney (POA)

a legal instrument used by a principal (person) to grant legal authority to one or more agents to make certain legal and financial decisions on behalf of the principal

DNR (do not resuscitate)

A written order from a physician (sometimes initiated by a patient's advance directive or by a health care proxy's request) that no attempt should be made to revive a patient if he or she suffers cardiac or respiratory arrest.

Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg)

Stages of moral development are not closely tied to specific age groups; they are more accurately determined by the individual's motivation behind the behavior.

Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

children learn through actively constructing knowledge through hands-on experience; cognitive development goes through 4 stages: sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete, and formal

motor skills

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

Hospice

a home providing care for the sick, especially the terminally ill.

who started hospice

Cicely Saunders at St. Christopher's in England in 1967

When does the frontal lobe fully develop?

25 years old

instinct theory of motivation

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

drive reduction theory of motivation (Clark Hull)

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Hierarcy of Needs Theory

One must satisfy lower level needs before addressing higher level needs (Maslow)

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

Mood

a temporary state of mind or feeling.

overjustification effect

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

James-Lange Theory

Arousal comes before emotion

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time

Lazarus's Cognitive-Mediational Theory

a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction

Schater-Singer Two-Factor THeory

Response then cognitively evaluate response then label emotion

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

seven universal emotions

1. Happiness

2. Sadness

3. Contempt

4. Surprise

5. Fear

6. Disgust

7. Anger

Personality

an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

Congruence

state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

Ego (Freud's theory)

rationalizing conscious, what one can do - fulfills the Id's needs in realistic ways that work our better for us long term;

Superego (Freud's theory)

-conscious

-monitors the intentions and behavior of ego by allowing guilt and shame

Id (Freud's theory)

basic instinctual drives all humans have (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires

Defense Mechansims

are unconscious behaviors used to release tension or cope with stress

ideal self

person we would like to be

locus of control

A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their life.

reciporcal determinism

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

internal locus of control

the perception that we control our own fate

Phrenology (Franz Gall)

thought bumps on the head could reveal our personalities

Four Temperments 1946

choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic.

persona is greek for

mask

projection (defense mechanism)

- Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to ones self to another person.

EX: Sue feels a strong sexual attraction to her track coach and tells her friend, "Hes coming on to me!"

Rationalization (defense mechanism)

- Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justifying unacceptable feelings or behaviors.

EX: John tells the rehab nurse, "I drink because its the only way I can deal with my bad marriage and awful job."

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

- Preventing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors.

EX: Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school to please her parents. During career day, she speaks to prospective students about the excellence of nursing as a career.

Repression (defense mechanism)

- Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness.

EX: An accident victim can remember nothing about the accident

displacement (defense mechanism)

- The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral.

EX: A client is angry at his doctor, does not express it, but becomes verbally abusive with the nurse.

sublimation (defense mechanism)

- Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive.

EX: Mom of son killed by drunk driver, president of MADD.

Denial (defense mechanism)

- Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it.

EX: A women drinks alcohol every day and cannot stop, failing to acknowledge that she has a problem.

Avoidance (defense mechanism)

Unconsciously staying away from events or situations that might open feelings of aggression or anxiety

Karen Horney (Neo-Freudian)

said personality develops in context of social relationships, NOT sexual urges (security not sex is motivation, men get womb envy): We have three coping mechanisms to manage problems: moving towards people, moving away from people, moving against people.

Carl Jung (Personality)

• Neo-Freudian

• divided the unconscious mind into the collective and personal unconscious and coined the terms introversion and extroversion.

self-regulation

the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards; will-power.

Delayed Gratification

(Marshmallow test)

Voluntarily postponing an immediate reward in order to complete a task before enjoying a reward.

The most essential quality that enables children to develop a high congruence with themselves is receiving _____________________ from their primary caregiver.

unconditional positive regard

Gordon Allport's Trait Theory

cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits

As the field, social psychology focuses on __________________ in predicting human behavior.

situational factors

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

Collectivism cultures are ____________ as individualistic cultures are to _________________.

situational; dispositional

social norms

A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors.

social roles

shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave

cognitive dissonance theory

we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Solomon Asch Experiment

to take a look at the pressure on members of a group to conform to the thinking of the majority

Groupthink

A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

Social loafing occurs when ________.

individual performance cannot be evaluated and the task is easy

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Racism

Dislike of someone based solely on their race -- individuals of all races can be racist.

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

cooperation

Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

bullying

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

distress

negative stress

daily hassles and social stress

Day-to-day challenges

Some people more affected by everyday hassles than others, with stress taking a greater toll on their well-being

Some also have various forms of prejudice compounding those daily challenges

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

specific phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance ("imagined ugliness").

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Hoarding Disorder

a disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks.

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood; associated with emotional deficits and lack of empathy.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

a disorder that involves severe antisocial and aggression behaviors that inflict pain on others or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, difficulty relating to others, avoid eye contact, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors