bio final animal physiology (excratory systems)

Osmoregulation

Mechanisms to control solute concentrations by taking in and letting out water

Countercurrent exchange

Blood flow opposite of salt ions

Four main types of animal tissues

Epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective

Epithelial tissue

Covers body and esophagus,

Muscle tissue

Arrangements of actin and myosin fibers,

Striated muscle tissue

Voluntary movement

Smooth muscle tissue

Involuntary movement, stomach

Cardiac muscle tissue

Contraction of the heart

Nervous tissue

Neurons and glial cells

Connective tissue

Fat, blood cells, bones, tendons, ligaments

Endocrine (hormonal) system

Hormone released upon receiving signal. Ex fight or flight

Maintaining thermoregulation

Regulator or conformer

Regulator

Internal mechanisms to maintain internal setpoints despite external changes

Conformer

Can’t regulate temperature internally, have to change or move

Hypothalamus

Responsible for maintaining internal body temperature (98.6 degrees)

Hypothalamus sends signals to…

Blood vessels to dialate or constrict

Homeostatic challenge

Sensor… integrator…. Effector…. Response

Positive feedback

Childbirth and breastfeeding

Negative feedback

Bringing body back to normal state, ex.. regulating body temperature

Waste removal and filtration

1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion 4. Excretion

Ammonia is

Basic

Normal ammonia concentration in blood

<50 mml

100mml of ammonia in blood causes

Unconsciousness and toxicity due to impact on enzyme

Why does ammonia cause loss of conciousness?

Citric acid cycle can’t function properly

Most toxic to least toxic

Ammonia to urea to uric acid

Cheapest to most expensive

Ammonia to urea to uric acid

Ammonia

Aquatic animals urine

Urea

Mammals secrete

Uric acid

Birds and reptiles secrete (white shit)

Flatworm anatomy

Filtration by flame cells, waste exits body thru pores

Insect anatomy

Open circulatory system, fluid flows through body cavities freely

Freshwater fish anatomy

Rapid filtration with very dilute urine

Dessert mammals

Very concentrated urine, long loop of henle

How many ml of blood flow through kidneys daily?

150-180

Nephron structure

Bowman’s capsule or glomerular capsule, and a long renal tubule

3 steps in formation of urine

1. Glomerular filtration, 2. Tubular reabsorption and secretion, 3. Water conservation

Urethra

Drains bladder

Production of hyperosmotic urine

Costs a lot of atp

Desert animals have..

Long loop of henle

Freshwater fish have very short…

Loop of henle

Blood enters the kidney via

The renal artery

Filtered blood exits the kidney via

Renal vein

The urine collected in the kidney leaves the kidney via

The ureters