Chapter 6B Human Physiology

sympathetic nervous system

The ________ is responsible for the fight or flight response.

limbic system

The ________ is made up of the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

PNS

The ________ has afferent (somatic, visceral, and special) sensory and efferent (somatic and automic motors) seconds.

Acetylcholine

________ binds to cholinergic receptors and can only excite skeletal muscle.

Reticular formation

________ is essential for eye movement control, cardiovascular control, breathing, swallowing, sleeping and waking.

SNS

________ pregangs release Ach which binds to nicotinic receptors.

CNS

There is a single neuron between the ________ and the effector (skeletal muscle) in somatic division.

Preganglionic neuron

________ leaves the spinal cord in the middle of the cord for the sympathetic branch.

Autonomic nervous system

________ (ANS) is divided in to the sympathetic and the parasympathetic branches.

efferent neurons

Most nerves contain both afferent and ________.

corpus callosum

The ________ is made of white matter.

brainstem

The ________ is made of the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata.

CNS

________ is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

PNS

The ________ can be subdivided into the somatic branch and the autonomic branch.

Nerve

A group of axons (nerve fibers) traveling together in the PNS

Pathway

A group of axons traveling together in the CNS

White Matter

The name given to groups of axons as a whole, whether in the PNS or CNS

Ganglion

A group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Nucleus

A group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Forebrain

The cerebrum and the diencephalon

Hindbrain

Pons, medulla, cerabellum

Cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerabellum

Four main parts of the brain

Cerebrum

Composed of two hemispheres, makes up the majority of the forebrain

Cerebrum

The part of the brain used for perception, skilled movements, learning, and memory

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

The four lobes of the cerebrum are the…

Cerebral cortex

The outer shell of the cerebrum, made of highly-folded grey matter

Corpus callosum

The tract that connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

Subcortical nuclei

Grey matter deep in the cerebrum

Basal nuclei

Deep collections of gray matter in the crebrum that mainly do movement control and posture

Thalamus

The synaptic relay center of the brain that integrates afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex, in charge of controling arousal and attention

Afferent

The thalamus deals with inputs

Hypothalamus

Homeostatic control center of the brain, center for autonomic and endocrine control

Epithalamus

Contains pineal gland and plays a role in biological rhythms

Brainstem

Contains reticular information in the brain, has three parts

Cerabellum

Part of the braian, important for coordinating movements, and controlling posture & balance

Limbic system

A group of strucutres within the brain that are associated with learning, emotions, and behavior

Ventral horn

Part of the spinal cord that contains cell bodies for exiting efferent neurons

Dorsal horn

Part of the spinal cord where afferent neurons enter the CNS and synapse when they meet their targets

Afferent division

sensory information from PNS to CNS (somatic, isceral, special)

Efferent division

motor commands from CNS to PNS effectors (somatic & autonomic)

Somatic divison

The effector organ of this PNS division is skeletal muscle; deals with voluntary movement

Acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter of somatic neurons

Autonomic division

Part of the PNS that innerates smooth & cardiac muscle, glands, and GI neurons

Preganglionic

The neuron that moves the signal from CNS to autonomic ganglion

Postganglionic

Neuron that moves the signal from ganglion to effector

Sympathetic Nervous system

the thoracolumbar division in the ANS

Adrenal medulla

part of a gland that sits on the kidney that is a modified postgang fiber that releases epinephrine (a lot) and norepinephrine (some) into the blood

Parasympathetic Nervous system

The rest and digest system of the ANS, with craniosacral division