Cell Reproduction Lecture Notes

Flashcards based on the lecture notes covering cell reproduction, cell cycle, mitosis, cytokinesis, apoptosis, cancer, and treatments.

What are the primary reasons for cell reproduction?

Embryonic development, growth of the individual, and replacement of damaged cells.

What is the cell cycle?

The life cycle of the cell, which includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

What occurs during interphase of the cell cycle?

DNA and organelles replicate.

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

It is the enzyme responsible for copying DNA.

What are the stages of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

What is cytokinesis?

The process that forms two daughter cells from the original cell.

What is the function of the mitotic spindle?

It moves and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis.

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death that removes unneeded or damaged cells.

What causes cancer?

Mutations in cell cycle control genes, with most mutations acquired during a person's lifetime.

What are the types of tumors?

Benign, invasive, malignant, and metastatic.

What are the main cancer treatments?

Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

What happens during the anaphase stage of mitosis?

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.

What is the contractile ring's role in cytokinesis?

It pinches the cell in half to form two daughter cells.

What is the purpose of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

To ensure that cells are ready to proceed to the next step of division.

What is the 'multiple-hit model' in relation to cancer?

It suggests that one mutation rarely causes cancer; multiple mutations are often needed.