ITP 150 Units 0-3

Definition of Technology (combined 2 definitions)

Application of scientific knowledge, tools, machines, and methods, to solve real-world problems/practical purposes.

History of Technology

Lathe (earliest known machine tool), impossible to have manufacturing industry without machine tool industry

What spawned the first industrial revolution

Steam engine, all work used to be manual

Impact of machine tools

factories located anywhere, larger/faster production, displaced populations, allowed man to conquer space

What spawned the invention of automobiles

Industrial combustion engine (converted steam engine, point-type spark ignition, coal gas fuel)

What contributed to the miniaturization of electronic devices

Transistors

3 greatest technological developments

steam engine, electrochemical battery, transistors

Primary energy sources

Renewable (solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, hydropower) and non-renewable (nuclear, natural gas, oil, coal)

Phases of energy flow

energy source, prime mover, power transmission, use: devices

Phases of energy flow: energy source

source that is transmitted, power used to do something

Phases of energy flow: prime mover

converts energy to mechanical, thermal, fluid, or other types of power

Phases of energy flow: power transmission

moves the power through electrical circuits or fluid power circuits

Phases of energy flow: use

What the power is used to do

Bio electricity: electrochemistry or galvanism

produced by a chemical action creating a current. Copper and zinc bars connect to each other and frog, create electric flow spasming the frogs legs. Low amount of electrons, stepping stone to electrochemical battery.

Relationship of magnetism and electricity

believed to be opposite states of the same thing

Inventions/Inventors

Galvani’s bio electricity (frog), Volta’s Voltaic Pile (first electrochemical battery, alternates zinc and silver disks), Guericke’s Static Generator (first electric generating device), Musschenbroek’s Leyden Jar (first static electricity storage device)

Electrical

any device that uses electricity/electrons, larger with higher voltage using AC

Electronics

devices that manipulate electric current, smaller with lower voltage using DC

Forms of matter (bond strength)

solid (strong bonds), liquid (loose bonds, atoms somewhat free to move), gas (very loose bonds, atoms free to move)

Conductor examples: best, common, others

best: silver and gold, common: copper and aluminum, others: iron and tungsten

Insulator examples: best, others

best: pure silicon, others: glass, rubber, wood, air

Semiconductor examples

boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic

electron theory

a body gets a charge due to the transfer of electrons from one atom to another which changes the number of electrons creating a negative or positive charge

Valence electrons

outer orbit of electrons (tightly held = insulator, loosely held = conductors, neither = semiconductor)

atoms are made of..

electrons, protons, neutrons

elements are made of….

atoms, ions, and molecules

compounds are made of…

molecules and ions

static electricity

buildup of charges on a surface of material, no continuous flow

dynamic electricity

flow of electric charges through a conductor, electric current

what is an electrical charge

either lose (+ charge) or gain an electron (- charge)

3 ways for electrical charges to transfer

friction, conduction, induction

3 ways for electrical charges to transfer: friction

two uncharged objects rub together exciting and moving the electrons

3 ways for electrical charges to transfer: conduction

transfer through direct contact between masses

3 ways for electrical charges to transfer: induction

transfer without contact

law of charges

like charges repel, opposite charges attract

Coulomb’s Law + (calculation if new distance is 2x original)

inverse square law: strength of electrostatic force between two charged bodies is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them (1/2^2 = 1/4 the original strength)

static electricity applications: copier

charges the paper with negative electrons so the positive ink will stick to it

static electricity applications: spray paint a car

paint gun nozzle is negatively charged creating negatively charged paint that sticks to the positive car

unit of electron charges and # of electrons in 1 Amp

the coulomb (number of electrons that pass a point), 1 Amp = 6.24 × 10^18 electrons

ions

charaged atoms, positive ions lost electrons

electrons charge

negative charge

three basic parts of an electrical circuit

power supply, load, conductors

short circuit

the load has been removed or bypassed

ground wiring

process used to eliminate unwanted voltage, ground is a physical electrical connection to Earth

How is the current of electrons created?

electrons more from negative (surplus of electrons) side of the battery to teh positive (deficient in electrons)

creation of current of electrons: high conductivity

the electron is not tightly bound to the atom so it is mobile and can start creating a current

voltage

electrical pressure, the difference in potential that makes a current flow in a circuit, also called EMF (electromotive force), measured in volts: E/V

current

the flow of electrons, measured in amperes: I

resistance

load, opposes the current, measured in ohms: Ω

why are copper and silver excellent conductors

silver has two valence electrons in the fifth shell (least tightly held) and easily shares its electrons, copper is the next best but only has four shells

electron freedom in conductors

electrons move easily

electron freedom in insulators

electrons are tightly held

ohms law

E = I x R, voltage = current x resistance

what is the prefix m

mili 10^-3

what is the prefix k

kilo, 10^3

what is the prefix M

mega, 10^6

what is the prefix u

micro, 10^-6

what is the prefix G

giga, 10^9

what is the prefix n

nano 10^-9

what is the prefix p

pico 10^-12

power

the amount of work performed by a circuit

watt

1 watt of power = one-volt pressure moving one coulomb of electricity in one second

horsepower

divide power by 746

watt’s law

power = current x voltage

define kilowatt-hour + formula

measures electrical consumption per unit of time: kW = (E x I) / 1000

calculate electrical efficiency

(power out / power in) x 100%

AC electricity

current moves back and forth, no polarity, electric sockets

DC electricity

current ravels in one direction, batteries

electron current flow direction

negative to positive

electric motor inventors

thomas davenport, michael faraday

steam engine inventors

savory, newcomen, watt

electrochemical battery

volta’s voltaic pile adn then british royal society’s sir humphrey davy

radio inventor

marconi

ac symbol

wave

dc symbol

line with dotted line or positive/negative source voltage