Abdomen

large, superior portion

what consists of abdominal cavity?

smaller, inferior portion

what consists of the pelvic cavity?

abdominal cavity

extends from diaphragm to superior aspect of bony pelvis

stomach, small & large intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

pelvic cavity

lies w/in margins of bony pelvis

rectum & sigmoid regions of colon, reproductive organs

iliac crest, anterior superior liiac spine (ASIS), pubic symphysis

what are the areas of interest for positioning for abdomen?

greater trochanter is at level of pubic symphysis

what is an additional positioning aides to find pubic symphysis?

21 inches

what are the inches to measure from the jugular notch to find the pubic symphysis for a patient under 5 feet tall?

22 inches

what are the inches to measure from the jugular notch to find the pubic symphysis for a patient between 5-6 feet tall?

24 inches

what are the inches to measure from the jugular notch to find the pubic symphysis for a patient over 6 feet tall?

abdominal peritoneum

encloses abdominopelvic cavity

parietal peritoneum

outer portion → lines cavity

visceral peritoneum

inner portion → surrounds organs

peritoneal cavity

in between → contains fluid

pariteal

what is #1 peritoneum?

peritoneal

what is #2 cavity?

visceral

what is #3 peritoneum?

mesentery & omenta

folds which support the organs in position

mesentery

assist in attachment of the organs to the posterior abdominal wall

omenta

protective “drape” hangs from the stomch & attaches to the colon

retroperitoneum

cavity behind the peritoneum

kidneys & pancreas

what does the retroperitoneum include?

right

which kidney lies lower?

left

which colic flexure lies above?

liver

what pushes down the organs on the right side & up on the diaphragm?

volvulus

twisting of bowel on itself

idiopathic

what casues volvulus?

subtracive → decrease techniquue due to abundance of air

what are the technique factors of a patient w/ volvulus?

pt w/ volvulus

what is this an image of?

pneumoperitoneum

free air in the peritoneal cavity

usually from a perforation

recent abdominal surgery & perforation of hollow abdominal vsicera

trauma to abdominal wall w/ penetrating injury

what are the causes of pneumoperitoneum?

subtractive → decrease technique due to additional air

what are the tehcniques for a patient w/ pneumoperitoneum?

patient w/ pneumoperitoneum

what is this an image of?

ascites

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

idiopathic

complication of trauma

perforate ulcer

appendicitis/inlfammation fo colon

what causes ascites?

additive → may have to increase technique

what is teh technique factors of a patient w/ ascites?

pt w/ ascites

what is this an image of?

bowel obstruction

partial or full blockage of large or small bowel that does not allow substances to pass through

idiopathic, mechanical, ileus

what are the causes of bowel obstructions?

mechanical bowel obstruction

a physical blockage

surgical adhesions, tumors

what are exmaples of a mechanical bowel obstruction?

(adynamic) ileus bowel obstruction

peristalsis stops

depending on blockage

may need to increase/decrease

what are the techniques for a patient w/ a bowel obstruction?

patient w/ bowel obstruction

what is this an image of?

pica

psychological disorder or intentional & craving comsumption of non-nutritive substances over a period of time

iron deficiency, malnutrition, pregnancy, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophernia, emotional stressor, autism

what are the causes of pica?

depending on blockage may need to increase

what are technique factors for a patient w/ pica?

patient w/ pica

what is this an image of?

AP Supine

what are the views for a abdomen AP (aka KUB)?

AP supine

AP erect/left lateral decubitus/transabdominal/dorsal decubitus

what are the views for an abdomen routine (obstuction series?

AP supine

AP erect/left lateral decubitus/transabdominal/dorsal decubitus

chest PA or AP erect

what are the views for a abdomen routine w/ chest 1 view?

area from pubic symphysis to the upper abdomen (normally 2 images)

kidneys, ureter & bladder

what is the criteria for a AP supine abdomen for urinary tract?

85

what is the kVp for abdomen?

14 X 17 portrait

what is the collimation for a AP supine for urinary tract?

14 X 11 crosswise

what is the collimation when doing a second image for urinary tract?

entire bowel pattern must be visualized

what is teh criteria for a AP supine GI concerns or part of abdomen routine?

obstruction, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

what are related concerns to do a abdomen routine/AP supine?

on the of the wings of the pelvis will look wider

wide the wing = the rotation of the side

what are the indications for rotation on an AP supine abdomen?

the full rib cage is on the image

how do you know if you have the whole bowel on an abdomen image?

entire diaphragm w/out motion must be visualized

vertebral column should be in the center 

“erect” must be annotated on the image

what is the criteria for an AP erect abdonmen?

17 X 14

if your patient won’t fit on a 14 X 17 portrait collimation, what is the other collimation choice?

2 inches above crest

what is the cnetering for an erect abdomen?

diaphragm must be included w/out motion

right side up should demonstrate free air if present

abdominal wall, flank structures & diaphragm should be visualize

RH - only require right side of diaphragm

“decubitus” annotation on the image

what is the criteria for a left lateral decubitus?

RH - higher point of abdomen must be visualized w/out motion

no rotation

“trans. abd” annotation

what is the criteria for a transabdominal/dorsal decubitus?

right upper quandrant (RUQ)

what is #1 quadrant?

left upper quandrant (LUQ)

what is #2 quadrant?

right lower quandrant (RLQ)

what is #3 quadrant?

left lower quandrant (LLQ)

what is #4 quadrant?

right hyochondriac region

what is #1 region?

epigastric region

what is #2 region?

left hypochondriac region

what is #3 region?

right lumbar region

what is #4 region?

umbilical region

what is #5 region?

left lumbar region

what is #6 region?

right iliac region

what is #7 region?

hypogastric region

what is #8 region?

left iliac region

what is #9 region?