BME 711/811 Introduction to Physology

Physiology

Study of the normal functioning of a

living organism and its components

Pathophysiology:

Study of the disordered

physiological processes that lead to or result from

disease or injury

Fundamental laws of physiology are engineering

concepts:

1. Structure and function are closely related

2. Living organisms need energy

3. Information flow coordinates body functions

4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability

Organ systems of the Human body

circulator , digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, respirtory, urinary

Circulatory system and its integration

heart, blood vessels, blood, transport of materials between all cells of the body

digestive system and its integration

stomach, intestine, liver, pancrease, conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimation of some waste

endocrine system and its integration

thyroid gland, ardrenal gland, coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

immune system and its integration

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, defense against foreign ivaders

integumentary system and its integration

skin, protection from external enviornment

musculoskletal system and its integration

skelteal muscle, bone

nervous system and its integration

brain, spinal cord, coordination of body function throygh electrical signals and relese of regulatory molecules

reproductive system and its integration

ovaries and uterus, testes, perpetuation of the species

respiratory system and its integration

lungs, airway , exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external enviornments

urinary system and its integration

kidney, bladder, maintencance of water and solutes in the inetrnal enviornment; waster removal

law of amss balance

existing body load + intake or metabolic production - excretion or metabolic removal

local control (homeostasis)

cells in the vivinity of the change intiate the response

reflex control (homeostasis)

cells at a distant site control response

negative feedback

the response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off teh response loop

positive feedback

the response reinforces the stimulus, sending teh variables farther from setpoint

feedfroward control

allows the body to anticpate change (ex . saliva when you see food)

What is homeostasis, and how does the body maintain blood glucose within a stable range?

How do insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood glucose?

Why is blood glucose regulation an example of negative feedback?

What happens to blood glucose and insulin after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal?

What happens to blood glucose and glucagon during fasting?

What is the fundamental difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

How does insulin resistance disrupt normal glucose homeostasis?

Why can someone with diabetes have high blood glucose even though their cells may not be receiving enough glucose?

What roles do the pancreas and liver play in maintaining blood glucose?

What happens to the entire homeostatic system when insulin production or insulin signaling fails?

What does the Smart insulin-releasing patch made

of many nanoparticle-containing

microneedles do?

The patch painlessly

penetrates the interstitial fluid

between subcutaneous skin cells.

How much of the future of medicine relies on

us (bioengineers) getting better at deve

In therapeutic innovation, revenue of breakthrough treatments, and new drug development

pipelines, bioengineering accounts for 40% to 60% of medicine today, and that share is

compounding at nearly 3× the rate of traditional pharmaceuticals.