M1-M2 Pediatric Speech Sound Disorders Exam

speech sound disorders

disorders related to the production of sounds of a language

includes articulation disorders (motor-based)

includes phonological disorders (linguistically based)

delay

speech sound errors that are typical in young children as they acquire their speech sounds continue to persist beyond typical development

normal (at first) speech sound errors than persist

deviance

atypical speech errors (not present in typical speech sound development)

ex. dentalized /s/ (lisp), lateralization of sibilants, backing, vowel errors

evidence-based practice

Considering external evidence: consulting scientific

research studies on SSDs.

 Considering internal evidence: data collection during

treatment.

 Considering patient/family preferences when it comes to

treatment approach(es)

articulation

The act of producing sounds (motor component) used to

convey a message (language).

 A major component of speech.

speech

An organized set or system of sounds used to convey

meaning.

 One modality for the expression of language.

 The primary first-learned modality for hearing language

users.

phonemes

 Sounds that are studied as part of the language system.

 From a linguistic perspective, sound units related to

decisions about meaning.

 “hat” vs. “bat

 A speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes.

 A morpheme is composed of individual phonemes

morphemes

The smallest unit of language.

 Free Morphemes: Can stand alone and still carry meaning.

 “dog”, “laugh”, “swing”

 Bound Morphemes: These are bound to other

morphemes and do not carry meaning by themselves.

 “dogs”, “laughed”, “swinging”

allophones

Different ways a phoneme may be pronounced (very subtly

different…)

 How do you know if it’s a different phoneme vs. just an

allophone of the same phoneme? Meaning won’t change.

 Phonemic transcription vs. phonetic transcription:

 Phonemic transcription (enclosed in virgules / /) is less detailed

than a phonetic transcription (enclosed in brackets [ ]).

 Phonetic transcription is sensitive to sound variations within a

phoneme class.

 Used for allophones

ex. such as the 'p' in 'pin' (aspirated) versus the 'p' in 'spin' (unaspirated).

suprasegmental level

phonemes and phonetic info

suprasegmental

info beyond individual sound

Stress

 Intonation

 Loudness

 Pitch level

 Juncture

 “Let’s eat, Grandma” vs. “Let’s eat Grandma”; “nitrate” vs. “night rate”

 Speaking rate

 Vowel reduction

 /aɪ kæn goʊ/ vs. /aɪkəngoʊ/

clear speech

What speakers use when they are trying to be as intelligible as

possible.

 Compared to conversational speech:

 Speech is slower

 Avoid vowel reduction

 More intensity is placed on obstruent sounds, especially stop

consonant

coarticulation

highlights interaction phonemes when combined in different words

anticipatory coarticulation

The articulators prepare for a sound that is coming later

in the word. Example: “snooze”

retentive ariculation

The articulators are holding on to a position used for a

phoneme earlier in the word. Ex: In “me”, the /i/ is nasalized due to

the /m/

sensory info for speech production

 Kinesthetic: movement sense

 Tactile: touch and pressure

 Proprioceptive: position sense

 Auditory: sound feedback

phonemes

family of sounds in a word

morpheme

smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

allophone

members of a phoneme family are variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme