Clinical Application Quiz 4

UNI with Dr. Dayna Miller

Paresthesia

the pins and needles feeling when blood is blocked and nerves are suppressed

Sciatica

damage to the sciatic nerve may result in pain that radiates from the lumbar region down the buttocks and back of the leg

spinal stenosis

narrowing of the space between the vertebrae

foot drop

inability to contract the muscles in the lower leg causes the foot to dangle

Treatment for sciatica

anti-inflammatory medications

physical therapy

removal of damaging structure

referred pain

pain that originates from one body region but is perceived by the individual as coming from another body region

What happens if someone's phrenic nerve is injured?

limits the person's ability to breathe

What does the phrenic nerves do?

moves the diaphragm for inhalation and exhalation

Treatment for phrenic nerve injuries

surgical removal of the scar tissue

anti-inflammatory medications

medications to break down blood clots

nerve graft

nerve graft

surgeons take a small piece of a nerve from another body region and use it to replace or bypass the injured phrenic nerve

brachial block

anesthesia to the brachial plexus, numbs the arm, forearm, and hand

What are the symptoms of a minor injury to the brachial plexus?

burning or stinging sensation radiating down the arm and muscle weakness

What are the symptoms of a major injury to the brachial plexus?

significant muscle weakness or paralysis

severe pain

complete lack of sensation in the arm

Where does the radial nerve separate from the brachial plexus?

the axillary region

What can improper use of crutches cause?

radial nerve damage

crutch paralysis

lack of sensation in the arm due to improper use of crutches damaging the radial nerve

wrist droop

inability to extend the wrist or fingers

Symptoms of crutch paralysis

sharp burning pain

numbness

tingling

difficulty moving the wrist or fingers

wrist droop

where does the median nerve run?

down the midline of the forearm and wrist

What nerve gets compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?

the median nerve

What is the "funny bone"

the ulnar nerve

treatment of brachial plexus/nerve injuries

anti-inflammatory medications

tumor removal

pain management

various types of surgery

nerve transplant

What is used as an artery for coronary bypass surgery in individuals who have a blockage in a coronary artery?

radial artery

coronary artery

an artery that delivers oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

what arteries USUALLY join together at the palmar arch?

radial and ulnar arteries

What veins are often used to draw blood?

basilic veins

cephalic vein

median cubital vein

Basilic veins

branch from the upper region of the brachial veins and travel down the medial aspect of the forearm

cephalic vein

travels along the lateral aspect of the arm

median cubital vein

travels diagonally across the antecubital space

varicose veins

veins that have become enlarged, stretched, and distended as a result of overfilling with blood

What veins usually become varicose?

superficial veins in the legs

Symptoms of varicose veins

heaviness

aching or fullness in the tissues supplied by those veins

burning

throbbing

increased pain after standing

blue or purple colored veins

bulging/twisted vessels

Spider veins

similar to varicose veins but smaller

appear reddish or blue on the skin

no symptoms

hemorrhoids

varicose veins in the rectal or anal region

Causes/risk factors for varicose veins

older age

prolonged sitting or standing

over stretching

being pregnant

being overweight

it running in the family

being a woman

Complications with varicose veins

increased BP, swelling/edema, risk of blood clots, open sores

Treatment for varicose veins

losing weight

avoiding standing for long periods

exercise

compression stockings

surgery

blood thinners

Where are inhaled objects more likely to go?

the right primary bronchus and lung

Auscultation

listening to the sounds made by internal organs

triangle of auscultation

a small region on the back where the superficial back muscles do not cover the rib cage and lower lung auscultation can be heard

gallstones

hardened balls of cholesterol and other materials that accumulate in the gall bladder

Symptoms of a gallstone blockage

sudden and intensifying pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen or in the epigastric region

pain in the shoulders

fever

chills

nausea

vomiting

jaundice

Risk factors for gallstones

age over 40

being overweight

diabetes

high cholesterol

high fat

low fiber diet

family history

being a woman

Treatments for gallstones

cholecystectomy

Where is the appendix?

attached to the cecum

Appendicitis

an infection of the appendix

Symptoms of appendicitis

pain around the umbilical region that spreads down toward the right lower quadrant

nausea

vomiting

How to diagnose appendicitis

find McBurney's point, putting and releasing pressure will hurt a lot

Treatments for appendicitis

surgical removal of appendix

antibiotic therapy

What happens if appendicitis is left untreated?

appendix will rupture and cause peritonitis

How is a colonoscopy done?

inserting a fiber optic camera attached to a flexible tube into the colon

How do patients prepare for a colonoscopy?

The patient must be sure that all solid materials are removed from the colon, a liquid diet and medications are used the day before procedure

colostomy

the large intestine is cut and the distal cut is sewed closed, the other part is tucked through an incision in the abdominal wall and sewn to the surface

Stoma

the opening after a colostomy

cystitis

an infection of the bladder

UTI

an infection of the urinary tract, more common in women

risk factors for UTIs

having a condition that obstructs normal flow

having had a catheter

sexually active women

being pregnant

having diabetes

symptoms of UTIs

burning sensation when urinating

frequent and urgent need to urinate

fever

general aching or fatigue

pyelonephritis

an infection of the kidneys

symptoms of pyelonephritis

pain in the lumbar region of the back

fever

aching

nausea

vomiting

Treatment for UTIs

antibiotics, bladder pain medications

How to prevent UTIs

drinking a lot of water

not holding in pee

wiping front to back

urinate after sex

taking showers

Uterine fibroids

tumors that grow in the muscular layers of the uterine wall

usually noncancerous

Symptoms of uterine fibroids

may cause pain

heavy menstrual bleeding

pain or pressure in the back/rectum/ bladder

pain during intercourse

Risk factors for uterine fibroids

being a woman of reproductive age

having a family history

obesity

eating large amounts of red meat

Causes of uterine fibroids

maybe estrogen, otherwise unknown

Treatments for uterine fibroids

medications to reduce the levels of estrogen, surgical removal

Endometriosis

When the endometrium is located outside the uterus, usually in the tubes or pelvic cavity, but can be in other regions of the body

Endometrium

The lining of the uterus changes with sex hormones

Symptoms of endometriosis

Severe and recurring pelvic pain during period or sex

lower back pain

heavy bleeding

infertility

Treatments for endometriosis

Hormonal therapy to decrease estrogen

surgery

removal of uterus and associated structures

At what age is prostate enlargement common?

Over 50

What does BPH mean?

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

What does BPH make difficult?

Urinating

Prostate specific antogen

A protein produced by the prostate gland that increases significantly if cancer is present

Circumcision

The penile foreskin is removed shortly after birth