week 3 (how to define concepts, variables, and measure +4 sample and generalize

week 3+4 terms

what do we have in mind?

this is the concept, abstract big idea

operationalization

evaluate the source

visual data

where we can see the data for example with facial expression this can show fear

types of questions

close-ended like multiple choice better for big groups

open-ended like short answer better for small groups with unpredictable responses

index and scales

consistent answers, scale goes from (1-10) think of how much pain are you in doctors chart

observation

primary form of measurement and to help previous questions

direct observation

measurement in context , but observations can be changed

what are the different unit of analysis

individuals,(people) groups (families) , spatial (neighborhoods), organization (schools), social interaction (calls/ fights) , and social artifacts (books/ paintings)

ecological fallacy

drawing conclusions, get different groups for different answers

what are the level of measurements?

nominal, ordinal, ratio, and interval

nominal

qualitative measurement think about gender, nationality most likely to be open ended

ordinal

low to high type question

interval

already set answers [1, 5, 10.15] like Fahrenheit degree

ratio

think 0-100 , like income, can also be group size

what are the different validities?

face, criteria, and construct

face validity

a test subjectively appears to measure the variable or construct that is supposed to measure

criterion validity

when the results match with other qualified results

construct validity

when the results are related to other measures in a field

what is reliability

consistent scores , the phenomenon measure is not changing

explain the marshmallow test

gave kid a marshmallow and they were told to wait until the researcher came back

what is the x and y with the marshmallow test

the independent variable (x) delay gratification and the dependent (y)is success

what is a sample ?

basically a small group of people within a target population

describe from small to big with the sample to target population diagram

element, sample, sampling frame, and target population

what is considered a good sample

not biased and the population chosen is not over or underrepresented

what are the different ways to sample

population of interest, sampling method, evaluate generalizability

probablibilty sampling methods:

simple, systematic, cluster, and stratified

simple random sampling

basis of chance, like winning the lottery

systematic

sampling interval , like every other person

clustered

draw random clusters within the target population

stratified

people picked based on something shared like charactersitic

sample error

unaccurate results that doesnt match up to the population

what are the two types of hypothesis testing?

null effect , has no effect and alternative effect , has an effect

what are the non probability sampling methods

availability, quota, purposive, snowballing

what does avaliabilty mean

only picked the people because it’s convenient

what does quota mean

predetermined number of individuals in a sample within a population

what does purposive mean

people are chosen deliberately because of knowledge and characteristics

what does snowballing mean

used for hard to reach subjects, think gossip

sample generalizability

sample hold the population as a whole

cross population

findings for different populations need to be the same as the one being studied

external validity

degree where findings of a study can be generalized to other studies