CCAS Final Review: Key Terms and Definitions for Computer Science

Logic bomb

A logic bomb is detonated when a specific event occurs.

Ransomware

malware that holds a computer, its data, or a particular function hostage until a ransom is paid.

Denial of service

making repeated requests of a computer system or network, thereby overloading it and denying legitimate users access to it.

Ways a virus spreads

Biometrics

authenticate a person's identity by comparing his or her physical or behavioral characteristics with digital code stored in a computer system.

Encryption

the process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent unauthorized access

Benevolent hackers

Ethical hackers, also known as white-hate hackers, are usually computer professionals who break into computer systems and networks with the knowledge of their owners to expose security flaws that can be fixed.

Benefits of networks

sharing hardware, sharing software, sharing data and information, better communications, accessing databases, centralized communications, security of information

Bluetooth

wireless connection

Smartphone

A cellular telephone with software applications and Internet access.

text messaging

Sending of short messages, generally no more than 160 characters in length. Texting combines the portability of cellphones with the convenience of email and instant messaging.

Megapixels

Millions of picture elements; the electronic dots making up an image. Unit of storage that describes the amount of data captured by a camera.

Digital convergence:

The combining of several industries-computers, communications, consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass media-through various devices that exchange data in digital form. Important because it allows electronic products to perform multiple functions (TVs with internet access).

Video on Demand:

VOD or VoD; set of technologies that enable viewers to select videos or TV programs from a central server to watch when they want.

Podcasting

The recording and downloading of Internet radio or similar Internet audio programs.

aspect ratio

Relationship of an object's width to its height

Societal effects of digital tv:

Time shifting: ability to watch TV whenever you want due to DVRs (digital video recorders).

Space shifting: changing where you watch TV. Consumers can now download or receive TV programs, either stored or real time and watch them on handheld devices.

Content shifting: changing the nature of TV programs. When IPTV (internet protocol television) sends out signals to viewers using internet protocols.

Mashup

A creative combination of content or elements from different sources, such as a web page that blends data from two or more sources to create new services or content.

Database

Computer based collection of interrelated data and files

Characteristics of good information

correct and verifiable, complete yet concise, cost-effective, current, accessible

How is data stored for easier storage and retrieval

in bits, characters, fields, records, files

TURING Test

A test scenario posed by Alan Turing to determine when an AI system has become sufficiently advanced to sound as natural as a human.

CAPTCHA

a type of security measure known as challenge-response authentication.

Singularity

aka the technological singularity, a moment where humans would have created self aware machines which are smarter than humans and can make better computers than humans can

Data mining

the computer assisted process of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of data in order to extract hidden patterns and meaning and to discover new knowledge

Applications of Big Data

derives from a bundle of old + new data sources, could lead to a revolution in measurement, could lead to better decision making

benefit of database management systems

reduced data redundancy, speed, improve data integrity, timeliness, ease of sharing, ease of data maintenance, forecasting capabilities, increased security

data cleansing

Data that is cleaned of errors and checked for consistency of formats

Data storage hierarchy

bits, characters, fields, records, files

Data vs. information

data refers to individual statistics or facts, information is data with context, organization, and purpose.

Primary key: poor and good examples

The field in a database that contains unique information for each record; also called a unique identifier. (social security number, customer account number, student ID)

Types of objects:

table, report, form, query

Table

collection of related records

Report

An Access object that creates a professional printout of data that may contain enhancements such as headers, footers, and calculations on groups of records.

Form

In Access, an object that provides an easy-to-use data entry screen that generally shows only one record at a time.

Query

in Access, an object that provides a spreadsheet-like view of data, similar to that in tables; it may provide the user with a subset of fields and/or records from one or more tables. Also, SQL commands that are used to retrieve data.

Database administrator

A trained professional who designs or manages databases.

Metadata

Another name for document properties that includes the author name, the document subject, the document title, and other personal information; used by Windows in document searches.

Quick Access toolbar

A customizable toolbar at the left edge of the title bar that contains buttons for frequently used commands.

Ribbon

In many Microsoft app windows, a horizontal strip near the top of the window contains tabs of grouped commands and buttons.

Default file extension (2010):

A three- or four-letter sequence, preceded by a period, at the end of a filename that identifies the file as a particular type of document, such as .docx or .xlsx.

format painter button do?

A feature that copies and pastes formatting from one text selection, cell, or range to another without duplicating any data

Location of Cut, Copy, and Paste:

Located on the Standard toolbar; top left on the home tab

Default settings of margins

Each page automatically has a one-inch margin.

Default settings of page size

By default, a document uses portrait orientation, because most documents are primarily text, and text works well in this vertical format

Default settings of orientation

Normally, the default format would be "letter" which is the standard size for a page (8.5 x 11 inches). This size is easy to work with and print since it fits into any printer or copier.

Page break (what is it and how?)

A special marker that will end the current page and start a new one. Layout tab and clicking the small arrow in the bottom-right corner of the Page Setup group.

Copy

Ctrl + C

cut

Ctrl + X.

paste

Ctrl + V

Find (keyboard shortcut)

Ctrl + F.

Select all is

Ctrl + A or Cmd + A

Save

Ctrl+S

Bold

Ctrl+B.

Underline is to press

press Ctrl+U and start typing. When you want to stop underlining, press Ctrl+U again.

Italic

Ctrl+I.

to move the insertion point

Ctrl + End to move the insertion point to the end of the entire document.

Bullets (where, default type):

Turn lines of text into a bulleted list by selecting the text and then clicking Home> Paragraph> Bullets. Each line or paragraph becomes a bullet in the list.

Leaders

a visual guide to information separated between the left and right margins of a document.

Theme

A predefined, coordinated set of colors, fonts, graphical effects, and other formats that can be applied to documents, spreadsheets, presentations, publications, and Access forms and reports to give them a consistent, professional look.

Worksheet/workbook

A single sheet in a workbook file that is laid out in in a grid of rows and columns / A collection of related worksheets contained within a single file.

Tabs

A section of the ribbon or a dialog box that contains a group of related commands and settings.

Default file extension (2010)

A three- or four-letter sequence, preceded by a period, at the end of a filename that identifies the file as a particular type of document, such as .docx or .xlsx.

Range

A group of cells in a rectangular block in a worksheet. Also called a cell range.

Formula bar

The area above the worksheet grid where you enter or edit data in the active cell.

Functions

A named operation that replaces the action of an arithmetic expression.

Formulas

A mathematical statement in a spreadsheet or table cell that calculates a value using cell references, numbers, and arithmetic operators such as +, -, *, and /.

Absolute reference

A cell reference that does not change when the formula containing that reference is moved to a new location.

Relative reference

A cell reference that changes when the formula containing that reference is moved to a new location

IF function: 3 parts

In Excel, a function that assigns a value to a cell based on a logical test.

logical_test:

TEST something, such as the value in a cell.

value_if_true:

Specify what should happen if the test result is TRUE.

value_if_false:

Specify what should happen if the test result is FALSE.

Proof formulas

formulas used to proofread the spreadsheet

Display formulas, display gridlines

Excel displays formulas in cells instead of their results right away, shows gridlines

Default file extension (2010):

Microsoft Access 2010 by default uses the . accdb file format extension introduced in Access 2007.

Types of objects: table,

Table stores data about a particular subject, such as employees or products. A table has records (rows) and fields (columns). Fields have different types of data, such as text, numbers, dates, and hyperlinks.

Types of objects: , report,

A report consists of information that is pulled from tables or queries, as well as information that is stored with the report design, such as labels, headings, and graphics.

Types of objects: form

A form in Access is a database object that you can use to create a user interface for a database application.

Types of objects: query

A query can either be a request for data results from your database or for action on the data, or for both.

Record

To save the data, on the Home tab, in the Records group, click Save Record, or press Shift+Enter.

Primary key/foreign key:

Access uses primary key fields to quickly associate data from multiple tables and combine that data in a meaningful way.

Join lines:

You create an inner join by dragging a field from one data source to a field on another data source.

Relationship reports:

A relationship in Access helps you combine data from two different tables. Each relationship consists of fields in two tables with corresponding data.

Navigation pane:

a pane in the program window that lets you move between objects (tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules) in the database.

Filter

To specify a set of restrictions to only display specific database records, online images, or files.

Maximum character length of a field name:

ext field can only contain a maximum of 255 characters.

Purpose of design view:

gives you a more detailed view of the structure of the form. You can see the Header, Detail, and Footer sections for the form.

Validation text:

lets you provide a message to help users who input data that is not valid. When data is entered, Access checks to see whether the input breaks a validation rule - if so, the input is not accepted, and Access displays a message.

Validation rule:

one way to restrict input in a table field or a control (such as a text box) on a form.

Input mask:

a string of characters that indicates the format of valid input values. You can use input masks in table fields, query fields, and controls on forms and reports.

One-to-one relationship

: In a one-to-one relationship each record in one table has at most one related record in another table.

One-to-many relationship:

is created if only one of the related columns is a primary key or has a unique constraint.

Referential Integrity:

to prevent orphan records - records that reference other records that no longer exist