Virology Flashcards

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Flashcards for Virology review, covering historical background, virus characteristics and replication. Intended to help students quickly review concepts for an upcoming exam.

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50 Terms

1
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What term did Louis Pasteur use to describe any living disease-causing agent?

Virus

2
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Who gave the first clear evidence of viruses in 1892 by observing the tobacco mosaic disease?

Dimitri Ivanowski

3
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Who proposed that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by a contagium vivum fluidum?

Martinus Beijerinck

4
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Who observed that foot and mouth disease of cattle was caused by a filterable virus?

Loeffler and Frosch

5
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Who isolated the tobacco mosaic virus in 1935 and found that it was largely protein?

Wendell Stanley

6
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What are viruses complexes of?

Proteins and nucleic acids

7
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What is the size range of viruses?

20 to 300 nm

8
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What is a virion?

The infectious virus particle, consisting of the nucleic acid genome surrounded by a protein coat.

9
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Do viruses contain both DNA and RNA?

No, they contain either DNA or RNA, but never both.

10
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What is the protein shell that surrounds the virion called?

Capsid

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What are the protein subunits that compose the capsid called?

Capsomers

12
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What is the membrane-like structure that encloses the nucleocapsid in some viruses?

Envelope

13
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What are the projections from the viral envelope known as?

Spikes

14
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The nucleocapsids of viruses are constructed according to certain ___ patterns.

Symmetrical

15
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What kind of symmetry does rabies virus have?

Helical symmetry

16
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What shape do viruses with icosahedral symmetry take?

Icosahedron (20 faces, each an equilateral triangle)

17
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What is a bacteriophage?

A virus that multiplies within bacteria.

18
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Who developed the most commonly used system of virus classification?

David Baltimore

19
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According to the Baltimore classification scheme, what is Group I?

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses

20
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According to the Baltimore classification scheme, what is Group II?

Single-stranded (+)sense DNA (ssDNA) viruses

21
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According to the Baltimore classification scheme, what is Group III?

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses

22
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According to the Baltimore classification scheme, what is Group IV?

Single-stranded (+)sense RNA (ssRNA) viruses with a positive polarity

23
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According to the Baltimore classification scheme, what is Group V?

Single-stranded (-)sense RNA (ssRNA) viruses with a negative polarity

24
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According to the Baltimore classification scheme, what is Group VI?

Single-stranded (+)sense RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate in life-cycle

25
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According to the Baltimore classification scheme, what is Group VII?

Double-stranded DNA viruses with an RNA intermediate

26
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What virus causes smallpox?

Variola virus

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What virus causes chickenpox?

Varicella-zoster virus

28
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What virus causes measles?

Rubeola

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What does HIV stand for?

Human immunodeficiency virus

30
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How are dengue viruses spread?

Through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito

31
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What virus causes Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

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What virus identified in 2019 caused a pandemic of respiratory illness?

SARS-CoV-2

33
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What condition may cause many COVID-19 complications?

Cytokine release syndrome or a cytokine storm

34
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What type of virus causes Rotavirus?

Rotavirus

35
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What virus causes herpes?

Herpes simplex virus

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What are the two types of herpes simplex virus?

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

37
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What virus causes polio or poliomyelitis?

Poliovirus

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What virus causes rabies?

Rabies virus (RABV)

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What are the two main types of influenza virus?

Types A and B

40
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How does the Ebola virus spread?

Through direct contact with the blood, body fluids, and tissues of infected animals or people

41
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What family of viruses causes Hanta disease?

Hantaviruses

42
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What is the first step in viral replication?

Attachment

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What is the next step after attachment in viral replication?

Penetration

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What is the viral replication process called in which the host cell experiences death?

Lytic cycle of reproduction

45
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What are viruses that remain active within their host cells for a long period without replicating called?

Temperate viruses, or proviruses

46
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What are bacteriophages that remain latent within their bacterial host cell called?

Prophages

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What is the cycle called when viruses remain active within their host cells for a long period without replicating?

Lysogenic cycle

48
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What enzyme catalyzes the production of DNA from an RNA template in HIV infection?

Reverse transcriptase

49
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What is budding in the context of viral release?

A process where the nucleocapsids move toward the membrane of the host cell, force themselves through that membrane, and take a portion of the cell membrane as an envelope.

50
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What is lysogeny?

The temperate virus exists in a latent form within the host cell and is usually integrated into the chromosome