Dual Credit US History Unit 5

Ch. 11

4 factors that contributed to the rise of a new kind of politics in the 1820's and 1830's

1. economic booms and busts caused America to feel that the government should be more responsive to their needs

2. The expansion of the franchise, or vote, allowed greater numbers of American men to participate in politics

3. The contentious presidential election of 1824 led the entire nation to become increasingly political, which drove

4. The rise of mass parties and the second two-party system

What caused Americans to feel that government should be more responsive to their needs?

Economic booms and busts, first major economic depression- Panic of 1819

What was the result of the Panic of 1819?

Deeply affected the average American

What group was the most hurt by the Panic of 1819?

farmers of the West particularly hurt- bought farms on credit and could not make their payments

What group was the most hurt by the Panic of 1819?

farmers of the West particularly hurt- bought farms on credit and could not make their payments

By 1824, what had most states done in regards to the right to vote?

Liberalized their laws so that every free white man was allowed to vote (except RI, VA, NC, & LA had to be free white men and own land)

Describe the Election of 1824.

Federalist party had fallen apart, all 5 that ran for the presidency were democratic-republicans, no single candidate was able to get a majority of the electoral votes

The followers of Henry Clay and John Q. Adams settled on what name for their party?

National republicans, but later changed to Whigs

Describe the new style of politics that developed during the first half of the 1800's.

Partisan newspapers, campaigns were conducted to appeal to popular tastes and featured public rallies, picnics, and elaborate parades with arching parades, alcohol

How did Adams and Jackson campaign during the 1828 election?

Jackson and his supporters barnstormed all 22 states, Adams campaigned from the White House- made no real effort to reach out to the people

What three groups was Jackson the most successful with?

Southerners who hated the Seminole Indians, westerners, working class of the north

Why did many southerners dislike the Seminole?

Because they offered slaves freedom if they escaped

Jackson was the first president from the ___. (1st Democratic Party presidential candidate)

West (Tennessee)

What one group did not support Jackson because of the racism of his supporters?

African Americans

Define patronage? It is known by what other name?

The direct exchange of a government job in return for political campaign work, spoils system

What was the most serious problem that Jackson had to deal with?

The concept of states' rights and whether or not a state could nullify any federal law

Tariffs of the early 1800's were designed for what purpose?

To protect American industries

What name did the South give the Tariff of 1828?

Tariff of abominations

Define nullification.

Asserted that the United States was made up of independent and sovereign states - every state reserved the right to reject any federal law it deemed unconstitutional

What did South Carolina do in 1832 in regards to the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832?

Nullified the tariffs

What was the Force Bill?

Confirmed the president's authority to use the army and navy to put down insurrection

What major national institution did Jackson attack and eventually destroy?

The bank

Until 1863, there was no standardized national currency. How were payments made?

Specie (gold or silver), barter (good exchange for other goods), state bank notes (paper money issued by state-chartered banks)

Why did Jackson distrust the Bank?

Because he had lost his money in a bank in the 1790's

After Jackson ruined the national currency, when was it later revived?

The Civil War

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

Allowed the federal government to trade land west of the Mississippi River for land east of the river

What caused the state of Georgia to want to move the Cherokee west of the Mississippi?

Gold was found in western Georgia and Cherokee sued Georgia and won (Worcester vs Georgia)

What was the Trail of Tears?

When Jackson made Cherokee moved to Oklahoma anyways

What was the Specie Circular? What did it cause?

Executive order issued by Jackson requiring that the government cease accepting paper money as credible currency, accepting only gold or silver for all items, including public land

Caused the Panic of 1837- nearly ¼ of all banks in the US closed

What did the party of Andrew Jackson become known as? Briefly describe it.

Democrats, extremely nationalistic, keep federal government small, government not supposed to control the ways that people conducted themselves privately

Briefly describe the Whigs

Adams and Clay's party, favored a more active federal government, supported using federal funds to finance improvements like turnpikes and railroads, supported temperance and antislavery laws

Who won the election of 1840?

Whigs, W. H. Harrison

Ch. 12

What three forces dramatically altered life in the Northern US in the three decades before the Civil War?

1. The market revolution

2. Massive immigration

3. urbanization

By 1860, how much of the US population was foreign born?

1/3

Almost two thirds of the foreign born came from what two countries?

Ireland and Germany

Life in the North varied, depending upon what?

Whether they lived in the city or country

What major change did the market revolution bring to the countryside in the north?

It became less isolated than it had been

Why were newspapers so partisan?

They were usually financed by political parties

What was the largest city in the US in 1860?

New York City

Why did almost one million Irish come to the US in the 1840's?

To escape potato famine

Who were the 48ers? In what way were they different from the Irish?

Political dissidents from Germany

They tended to be better educated and more financially well off

Define nativism.

Political identity that defined an American as someone with an English background who was born in the United States

Where did most of the working class families live?

Tenements, one room apartment

What was a major difference between working-class and middle-class families when looking at whether or not women worked outside the home?

Middle-class women rarely worked outside the home

What paying profession was open to middle-class women during the first half of the 1800s?

Teaching

List the sports that had become professional by the 1850s.

Boxing, horse racing, track & field, baseball

What made plays a democratic form of entertainment rather than a polished form reserved for the educated elite?

Audience participation

What was the bestselling book of the 1800s? Who wrote it?

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

What was the most influential institution for free people of color?

Black Church

Why did black Americans found the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the 1790s?

Because they were barred from worshiping in several places

Why did some refer to themselves as "Colored Americans" rather than Africans?

In order to assert their membership into the American nation

What crop constituted almost one half of the nation's exports in 1860?

cotton

Most white southerners belonged to what two groups?

Wealthy planters or yeoman farmers

Describe the life of a southern planter.

Deeply involved in national and international markets, spent summers abroad, spent children to be educated in Europe and Ivy League colleges, entered politics, resisted tax supported public education

Describe the life of a yeoman farmer.

Largely self-sufficient, usually forced on to less desirable plots of land, largely isolated from markets, social mobility limited- usually downward, uneducated

Which group of white southerners supported slavery?

all of them

Who led a major slave revolt in Virginia in 1831? What did it result in?

Nat Turner

What state's legislature developed a plan to free all of the state's slaves and deport them to Africa?

Virginia

In what way did Nat Turner's revolt change the way in which slavery was understood in the south?

They thought slavery was good for both races because they thought black people was not equipped to take care of themselves and needed whites, paternalistic masters to protect them

Most slaves in the south did what type of work?

Field hands, grew sugar, rice, tobacco, and especially cotton

How did the slave owners increase their numbers of slaves after 1808?

Through reproduction instead of buying them

Describe the two ways in which plantation labor was organized.

*Gang system- slaves organized in group of workers, supervised by white overseer or a black slave driver, usually on cotton plantations

*Task system- each slave assigned specific set of tasks to accomplish each day, once slaves did their tasks they did what they wanted, most commonly on rice plantations

What two institutions lay at the center of slave culture?

Family and Religion

Other than revolting, what other measures of resistance did slave use?

Pretended to be sick or hurt, break tools and machinery, steel from master, pretend to be confused and incapable of understanding, run away

What was the Underground Railroad?

Network of men and women who opposed slavery, who sheltered runaway slaves and expedited their journey to freedom

Who was Frederick Douglas?

Runaway slave who became one of the foremost figures in the abolition movement