APUSH Period 3: French Indian War, American Revolution, & Articles of Confederation

King William’s War & Queen Anne’s War (1731)

Two clashes between the British, French fur trappers, Spain, and recruited Indians (in which the British won with guerilla warfare) that contributed to the land motive of the French Indian War

War of Jenkin’s Ear

A clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean Sea over the buffer colony Georgia that contributed to the land motive of the French Indian War

King George’s War

A clash between Spain, France, and British, in which new englanders invaded New France and captured the fortress Louisbourg- contributed to the land motive of the French Indian War

Albany Congress (1754)

British meeting to discuss alliances with the Iroquois tribe and coordinate war efforts & taxes

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin’s proposition that one government lead the colonies

Treaty of Easton (1758)

Treaty between the British and natives that they would not ally with France, in exchange for land and tribal recognition

French Indian War (1754-1763)

War between Britain and the colonists, France, and their Indian allies over Ohio Valley land disputes, which later led to the Severn Years War

Battle of Quebec

The final battle of the French Indian War that led to the French defeat and loss of land claims, and the land gain of England and Spain

William Pitt’s “blank check”

Caused huge war debts, which parliament expected colonists to pay

Pontiac’s War

Ottawa Indian attack on Ohio Valley settlers

Proclamation of 1763

Forbade colonists from moving across Appalachian mountains

1776 Battle of Trenton

Washington gave hope by crossing the Frozen Delaware River → destroyed German troops

Battle of Saratoga

“turning point” that inspired France to ally with the Americans (Lafayette training & French Navy)

Battle of Yorktown

End of the revolutionary war, were General Cornwallis surrendered

1783 Treaty of Paris

Ended Revolutionary War and gave America its independence

Articles of Confederation (1777-1789)

1st national gov’t that united the states but, was weak and did not have the power to tax

Western Land Claims (1783)

America’s attempt to pay off war debt by selling western lands

Ordinance of 1784

Established a principle of self-government in the West and a good system of settling western lands

Land Ordinance of 1785

Divided the west into townships and farms (small land plots), which made western land affordable

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Brought government to westward territories (5,000 residents> make self-government, 60,000 residents> could apply to become a state)

Shay’s Rebellion

A rebellion of Massachusetts farmers, angered by high state taxes and the prospect of debtors jail (showed gov’t could not pay for an army to stop the rebellion)

Constitutional Convention

Hamilton & Madison called for a stronger national gov’t and delegates met in Philadelphia

Constitution

Written mainly by James Madison to replace the Articles of Confederation

Popular Sovereignty

people have the power to vote for leaders

Federalism

spilt power between national & state governments

Judicial Branch

created by Judiciary Act of 1789 as a final interpreter of federal law & decision maker on whether or not laws violate the Constitution

Checks & Balances

each branch can limit the power of others

Constitutional Debate #1

large states wanted congress to have two houses and delegates to be assigned by population while, small states wanted congress to have one house and equally assigned delegates

Virginia Plan

led to add bicameral & delegates based on population

New Jersey Plan

called for unicameral congress & equal representation

Great Compromise

resolved difference by creating a bicameral progress; the Senate had two state representatives & the House of Representatives were determined by population

Constitutional Debate #2

southern states vs. free northern states about slaves counting towards taxes & state representation

Three-Fifths Compromise

count three of every five slaves towards taxation & population size

Constitutional Debate #3

whether or not to end slavery (northern wanted to end slavery, southern threatened to leave → Compromise = slave trade could continue for 20 more years & runaway slaves would be returned)

Constitution Debate #4

how to elect President: “winner takes all” system & electoral collegiate or spilt electoral votes (Federalists = for electoral college, anti-federalists = against electoral college)

Constitutional Debate #5

ratification (federalists = for, anti-federalists = against)

Bill of Rights

compromise & 1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution protecting individual rights

Indian Policy

Henry Knot decreed that the land legally belonged to the natives & would need to be purchased through treaties (goal = assimilation)

Hamilton

believed in strong national government & wanted to build a strong economy based on industry

Thomas Jefferson

believed more power should be in the states & economy should be focused on farmers

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

funding at par, whiskey tax, Bank of US

First Political Parties

Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Republicans / Democratic Republicans

1794 Whiskey Rebellion

whiskey tax frustrated poor farmers → seen as threat to public safety & soldiers ended the rebellion (showed power of national government)

Proclamation of Neutrality

Washington’s foreign policy

Jay’s Treaty

British would pay damages to impressed & seized American ships but did not promise to stop harassing American ships & sailors or pay revolutionary debt (bolsters support for Jeffersonian Republicans)

Treaty of Greenville

Indian Confederacy gave up land in Ohio River Valley in exchange for money, hunting rights, & recognition of sovereign state

Washington’s Farewell Address

warned against growth of political parties, growing regional tensions, & restated need for neutrality