Chemistry test review

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass. Solids, liquids, or gases

Physical Change

Does not alter the basic nature of a substance

Chemical

Alters the composition of a substance

Energy

Massless, takes up no space. Can only be measured by the effects on matter, the ability to do work.

Kinetic

Doing work, moving.

Potenial

Stored or inactive energy

Chemical energy

Stored in the bonds of chemical substances. When the bond is broken energy is released.

Electrical energy

Energy that results in movement of charged particles

Mechanical

Directly involved in moving matter.

Radiant

Energy that travels in waves

ATP

Chemical energy of foods are trapped in the bonds of the high energy molecule atp

elements

Building block of matter

Atoms

Building block of elements

Main elements of body

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Atomic number

Equal to number of protons/electrons

Atomic mass

Sum of protons and neutrons

Isotope

A variety of an element causing different atomic weight. Same protons\\electron’s different neutrons

Molecules

Two or more atoms of the same or different element chemically combined

Compound

Specifically when two or more DIFFERENT atoms bind together to form a molecule

Carbohydrates

Includes sugars and starches. Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Ex. Glucose

Monosaccharides

Size classification of carbohydrates. Building block of carbohydrates. One sugar (simple sugar). Glucose, fructose, galactose.

Disaccharides

Size classification of carbohydrates. Double sugar two simple sugars joined by DEHYDRATION synthesis. Sucrose, lactose, maltose.

Polysaccharide

Size classification of carbohydrates. Many sugars. Starch and glycogen.

Lipids

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin d, etc). Building block is fatty acids.

Enzymes

Functional proteins that act as a biological catalysts. Increase the rates of chemical reactions.

Nucleic Acids

Makes up genes. Building block is nucleotides.

ATP Formula

ADP+Inorganic Phosphate+ Energy = ATP

Proteins

Building block of amino acids

Inorganic compounds

Comprising living matter do not contain matter. Water, salt, acids, and bases.

Organic compounds

Carbon containing compounds that comprise of living matter. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nuclei acids are examples.

Water

The most abundant inorganic compound in the body. 2/3s of the body. It has a high heat capacity, excellent solvent, important reactant in chemical reactions, base of all body lubricants,

Why don’t oil and water mix?

Oils are hydrophobic

Ionic Bond vs Covalent

Ionic bod forms when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. Covalent bond is a shared bond.

Electrolytes

Substances that conduct an electrical current in a solution. When electrolyte balance is disturbed, virtually nothing in the body works.

Acids

Can dissolve any metals or burn a hole in the rug. A substance that can release hydrogen in detectable amounts. Because hydrogen only has one proton (no neutron) acids are like proton donors.

Bases

proton acceptors. The hydroxyl ion seeks protons. When acids and bases mix, they react.

Protein Structural Level

Building block is amino acids. Amino acids are joined together in chains to form complex protein molecules.

Fibrous protein

Important in binding structures together. EX collagen and keratin.

Globular protein

Mobile, often spherical molecules that play roles in nearly every bio process.

DNA

Two nucleotide chains coiled into a double helix. Backbone is formed by alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The runs are A to T and G to C. Function is to maintain genetic heritage by replicating in cell division.

Starch vs Glycogen

Glycogen is produced stored and used as energy reserve in animals, but starch is in plants.

Chemical reactions

Involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms. total number of atoms stay the same, but new combination. Synthesis is combining of two or more atoms, decomposition is the breaking of a bond, and exchange is the transferring.