History Final

What is Judicial Review?

Judicial Review is the power of federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional, establishing the Constitution as the supreme law.

What does the Monroe Doctrine state?

The Monroe Doctrine states that foreign nations must stay out of the American continents or face retaliation from the U.S.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

A legislative agreement passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.

What was the Trail of Tears?

A series of forced relocations of Native American tribes resulting in thousands of deaths.

What were two principles from the Declaration of Sentiments at the 1848 Convention at Seneca Falls?

1. All men and women are created equal. 2. Governments derive their power from the consent of the governed.

Which section of the United States did protective tariffs largely benefit?

The North.

What does the Code of Handsome Lake refer to?

An Iroquois revival movement based on a return to old Iroquois traditions.

What is the Oneida Community known for?

A utopian community that believed in free love and communal living.

What are the Shakers known for?

Low membership due to disbelief in sex, but they were excellent artisans.

What is Spiritualism?

A religion that believes in communication with the afterlife through a series of knockings.

Who were the Unitarians?

Wealthy, dignified Protestants who objected to the Second Great Awakening.

What are the Millerites known for?

Modern day Seventh Day Adventists who predicted incorrect dates for the end of the world.

What party is described as pro-business, pro-upper class, and northern?

Whig.

How did the Nullification Crisis end?

Jackson and Congress lowered tariffs and threatened military occupation.

What were two unique aspects of the South besides slavery?

1. Economy centered on agriculture with fewer factories. 2. Rigid social hierarchy with wealthy planters holding power.

Who was Stanton?

One of the leaders of the women's rights movement.

Who was Douglass?

An ex-slave publisher of 'The North Star'.

Who was Tappan?

An abolitionist who helped free the Amistad slaves.

Who was Lovejoy?

An abolitionist killed in Illinois, a martyr for the free press.

Who invented the Cotton Gin?

Eli Whitney.

Who made museums more bizarre and family-oriented?

Barnum

Who was the leader of the Transcendental Movement?

Emerson

Who was one of the leaders of the women's rights movement?

Stanton

What percentage of southerners owned slaves in 1860?

25%

What were two justifications for slavery used by southern racists?

Black racial inferiority and positive good paternalism

What were the four groups of southern whites?

Plantation Owners, Yeoman Farmers, Tenant Farmers, Rural Poor

Which Underground Railroad route was used the most?

Detroit into Canada

How many slaves made it to freedom using the Underground Railroad?

100,000

Name three Underground Railroad Stations in Western New York.

The First Presbyterian Church, The Niagara Falls Underground Heritage Center, McClew Farm

What were two key differences between the South and North?

Slow industrialization in the South and differing political ideologies

What did the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act authorize?

The capture and return of escaped slaves

What was the result of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act?

Strengthened federal government's ability to capture escaped slaves

What does the Tyler Precedent state?

The vice president becomes president in every way immediately

What were three accomplishments of the Tyler Presidency?

Annexation of Texas, Pre-emption Act of 1841, Webster-Ashburton Treaty

What drove Irish immigrants to the U.S.?

The Potato famine

What drove German immigrants to the U.S.?

Political unrest and search for religious freedom

What does machine politics operate on?

Votes for favors

What were two reasons for the Mexican War?

Annexation of Texas and Manifest Destiny

What were two consequences of the Mexican War?

U.S. acquired new territories and renewed debate over slavery

What is Manifest Destiny?

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America

How was Oregon acquired?

Through the Oregon Treaty of 1846

Name three battles of the Mexican War.

Battle of Buena Vista, Siege of Veracruz, Battle of Cerro Gordo

Name three veterans of the Mexican War who later served in the Civil War.

Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Thomas J. Jackson

What was Jefferson Davis' view about Mexico after the war?

Advocated for further territorial expansion into Mexico

How many slaves did Jefferson Davis own?

113 slaves

Millard Fillmore

Co-founder of University of Buffalo and supporting cultural institutions like the Buffalo Fine Arts Society (Now Albright-Knox) and finally provided crucial financial support for the building of Buffalo General Hospital

Bull Run

First battle in July 1861, CSA victory, Stonewall Jackson leadership, proves it will be a long war

Antietam

September 1862 battle in Maryland. Failed attempt by McClellan to destroy Lee. Helps Lincoln issue Emancipation Proclamation

Appomattox Courthouse

April 9, 1865 final battle of the war. Lee surrenders to Grant.

Gettysburg

July 1863 major victory by the Union. Failed invasion into Pennsylvania by Lee.

Vicksburg

July 1863 victory by Grant through a blockade of the Mississippi River.

Shiloh

April 1862 victory by Grant in Tennessee. Proved the war would kill many people

Chancellorsville

May 1863 victory by Lee in Virginia where Lee split his army in half.

Fredericksburg

December 1862 victory by Lee entrenched on high ground. Irish Brigade losses.

Cold Harbor

June 1864 victory by Lee in Virginia where Grant sent three corps into brutal losses.

Atlanta

Summer of 1864 campaign to take Georgia city. Major victory to help Lincoln win a second term.

North Anna River

May 1864 failed attempt by Lee to trap Grant in Virginia along a river using an inverted V.

Battle of the Wilderness

May 1864 inconclusive battle of the Overland Campaign. Lee inflicts more losses.

Crittenden Compromise

The Crittenden Compromise was a proposal by Senator Crittenden that to prevent Civil War then an amendment that would permanently protect slavery and extend the Missouri Compromise line allowing slavery south of it would need to be put in place.

Dred Scott

The Dred Scott Case of 1856 ruled that enslaved people were not citizens and could not sue in federal court, furthermore it declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.  This ruling angered abolitionists and pleased southern slaveholders

Battle of New Orleans

While technically after the peace treaty, it boosted American morale and solidified control over the Louisiana territory. Apart of the war of 1812

 Landscape architect who designed Buffalo’s park system

Olmstead

   Batavia Mason assassinated by the Masonic order for a book he authored

Morgan

    8^th president of the United States, dealt with Amistad crisis, and created Treasury

Van Buren

Editor of the Liberator, Massachusetts abolitionist

Garrison

  Invented a mechanical reaper

McCormick

 Author of “Moby Dick,” a book named after a Buffalonian

Melville

Perfectionist author of “Leaves of Grass,” a poet

Whitman

  Created the character Natty Bumppo for his “Pioneers” series

Cooper

  A painter in the Hudson River School

Durand

Author of “Woman in the Nineteenth Century”

Fuller

  The leader of the Transcendental Movement

Emerson

 Critiqued New England with “The Scarlet Letter”

Hawthorne

 World’s first mystery writer. Wrote “Murders in the Rue Morgue.”

Poe

  Transcendental author of 1854’s “Walden”

Thoreau

 One of the leaders of the women’s rights movement/convention

Stanton

 Ex-slave publisher of “The North Star” in Rochester

Douglass

 Abolitionist who helped free the Amistad slaves

Tappan

 Abolitionist who was killed in Illinois, a martyr for the free press

Lovejoy

Inventor of the Cotton Gin

Whitney

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

The most prominent and deadly slave rebellion in U.S. history that resulted in the killing of white people

Machine Politics

powerful, centralized, political organizations controlling cities/state governments

how did machine politics benefit immigrants

offering essential services and a path to political inclusion in exchange for votes and loyalty. This was a symbiotic relationship, though often marked by corruption and dependency. 

James K. Polk

was the U.S. president during the Mexican War