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Positive supercoiling
Twisting that increases DNA tension.
Shelterin
Multiprotein complex protecting telomeres.
Telomeres
Caps at chromosome ends, protect from degradation.
Euchromatin
Less condensed DNA, active in transcription.
Heterochromatin
More condensed DNA, inactive in transcription.
Nucleosome
Basic unit of chromatin, consists of DNA and histones.
Chromatin
DNA and packing proteins complex in eukaryotes.
Supercoiling
Compacts DNA structure, stabilized by proteins.
Topoisomerases
Enzymes that modify DNA supercoiling.
Negative supercoiling
Twisting that decreases DNA tension.
Histone proteins
Positively charged proteins that package DNA.
Linker DNA
Stretch of DNA between nucleosomes.
T-loops
Structures formed by G-rich overhangs at telomeres.
Telomerase
Enzyme that lengthens telomeres in certain cells.
G-rich overhang
50-500 bases at telomere ends, protects DNA.
Constitutive heterochromatin
Always heterochromatic, found at centromeres.
Facultative heterochromatin
Heterochromatic only during specific developmental stages.
Histone tails
Amino acid extensions that interact with DNA.
Interphase DNA
Packed DNA during the cell's resting phase.
Cell senescence
Condition due to critically short telomeres.
Bacterial DNA
Circular chromosome located in nucleoid region.
Tertiary structure of DNA
Higher order folding and packing of DNA.
DNA polymerases
Enzymes that replicate DNA, cannot replicate ends.
