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matter
anything that occupies space
atom
smallest unit of matter
elements
cannot be broken down into any other substance
compound
made of two or more types of atoms
radiation
energy emitted from an object in the form of electromagnetic waves
wavelength
distance between successive peaks
frequency
how many waves pass a point in a given time
absorption
the energy makes the electron climb
emission
the electron falls down losing energy
UVC
stopped by atmospheres, highest energy, serious damage
UVB
stopped by ozone, has energy to break chemical bonds, direct damage
UVA
not stopped, has no energy to break bonds, indirect damage
covalent bond
2 electrons shared by 2 atoms
valence electron
electrons occupying the outermost layer
catalyst
a substance that participates ina reaction without undergoing permanent change
free radicals
spcies with one or more unpaired electrons, highly reacto\ive
troposhpere
lowest region of the atmosphere in which we live
chemical reaction
a process whereby substances called reactants transform into different subsatnce(wit different composition) called products
weatherq
instantaneous state of the atmosphere around us, short-term
climate
statistics of weather over a longer period
open system
exchanges both energy and mass with its environment
closed system
exhanges energy but not mass with its environment
energy
capacity for doing work, occurring in many forms, including radiation and heat
scatter
solar radiation dispersing forward, backward and sideways after hitting a particle
relfection
specisla case of scattering at the interface between different media, when the solar radiation striking hat interface is redirecteda
albedo
fraction of radiation redirected by an interface
ionq
atom or group of atoms that acquired a net electric charge as a result of gaining or losing one electron
cation
positivey charged ion
anion
negatively charged ion
ionic compound
contains ions in fixed proportions and set structurep
polyatomic ions
contain more than atoms
atomic mass
depends on the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
isotopes
variants of a particular chemecial element that conntain equal numbers of protons but different numvers of neutrons
carbon cycle
carbon moving through living entities, non-living entitie, in the form of a myriad of compounds
conservation of matter
matter can be neither created nor destroyed, but can change in chemical or physical form
photosynthesis
process by which plants produce organic matter and oxygen from CO2 and water using light as an energy source
respiration
reverse process by which bacteria, fungi, animals, and humans oxidize organic carbohydrates to derive their energy resulting in CO2 and water
feedbacks
in climate studies, processes in which a natural or anthropogenic driver affects the climate system by a certain amount, which in turn, changes the quantity
postive feedback
when a change in one segment of a sub-system causes a change in climate and that initial change enhances additional changes in climate; amplifying
negative feedback
a feedback that dampens an initial change in the climate system; stablizing
fuel
any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance that may be combusted to produce heat or work
fossil fuels
remains of decaying plant life
hydrocarbos
compounds composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen
complete combustion
the necessary molar rato of C;O is present (blue flame)
incomplete combustion
less than the necessary O2 is present (yellow flame)
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
energy
the ability or capacity of matter to do work or to produce change
potetial energy
the energy of position
combustion
converts the energy stored in fuel molecules (potential) into heat(kinetic)
heat
the kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one
temperature
the measure of average kinetic energy of the atoms present in the substance
calorimeter
exerimentally measure heat of combustion
exothermic
if a reactionreleases heat
endothermic
when a reaction absorbs heat
bond energy
the energy that must be abasorbed to break a specific bond
nuclear fission
the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller ones with the release of energy
chain reaction
a reaction where the products can become reactants
critical mass
the amount of fissionale fuel needed to sustain a chain reaction
radioactivity
spontaneous emission of radiation by certain elements
ionizing radiation
can remove electrons from atoms or molecules it hits
nonionizing radiation
cannot remove electrons from atoms or molecules it hits
half life
the time it takes for the level of radioactivity to fall to one half of its initial value
galvanic cell
a device that converts the energy released from sopntaneous chemical reactions into electrical energy
electrodes
electrical conductors that serve as sites for chemical reactionsa
anode
the electrode where oxidaion takes place
cathode
the electrode where reduction takes place
oxidation
a process in which chemical species lose electrons
reduction
a process in which a chemical species gains electrons
electricity
the flow of electrons from one region to another that is driven by the difference in potential enegry
primary batteries
half reacrions can onlt go one way, cant be rehcarged
secondary batteries
half reactions can go both ways, can be recharged
electrolyte
a solute that conducts electricty in an aqeous solution
separator
an electrical insulator placed between the electrodes that allow the flow of ions
capacity
the ability to sustain the flow of electrons
supercapacitors
two charged electrodes immersed in an electrolyte that stores energy by means of static charge
fuel cell
an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy to fuel directly into electricity without burning it
electromotive force
the potential energy difference between the two electrodes
biodiversity
the variety of life, typically measured at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels
molecule
group of two or more atoms
homogeneous
a mixture where throughout the solution the composition is uniform.
heterogeneous
a mixture where throughout the solution the composition is not uniform.
greenhouse gases
gases in the earth's atmosphere that trap heat.
electromagnetic wave
created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field
global carbon cycle
represnts how carbon-containing substances cycle through nature