Chemistry: Solutions and Colligative Properties Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering Raoult's Law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, azeotropes, colligative properties, and concentration dimensions such as molarity and molality.

Raoult's Law

States that the partial vapor pressure of any volatile component is directly proportional to its mole fraction, expressed as $P_A \times X_A$ or P_A = X_A P_A^ .

Ideal Solution

Solutions which obey Raoult's law at all concentrations and temperatures; examples include Benzene + Toluene and n-hexane + n-heptane.

Non-Ideal Solution

Solutions which do not obey Raoult's law at all concentrations and temperatures; they are classified into positive and negative deviations.

Azeotrope

A mixture of liquids which boils at a constant temperature and can be distilled without changing their composition.

Maximum Boiling Azeotrope

An azeotrope where the boiling point of the mixture is greater than the boiling point of either individual liquid component.

Minimum Boiling Azeotrope

An azeotrope where the boiling point of the mixture is less than the boiling point of either individual liquid component.

Colligative Property

Properties that depend only upon the number of solute particles and are independent of the nature of the solute particles.

Molarity (M)

The number of moles of solute present per liter of solution, calculated as $M = \frac{\text{No. of moles of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution in L}}$.

Molality (m)

The total number of moles of solute present per kg of solvent, calculated as $m = \frac{\text{No. of moles of solute}}{\text{Weight of solvent in kg}}$.

Mole Fraction (X)

The ratio of moles of a component to the total number of moles present; for two components, it is represented as $X_A = \frac{n_A}{n_A + n_B}$ where $X_A + X_B = 1$.

Henry's Law

States that the partial pressure of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

Anoxia

A condition resulting from $O_2$ deficiency that affects climbers, which can be overcome by using oxygen cylinders.

Bends

A condition caused by $N_2$ toxicity affecting scuba divers, which can be mitigated by using air diluted with helium.

Vapor Pressure in Liquid

The pressure exerted by a liquid when it is in equilibrium.