Anatomy Unit 1 Test

Anatomy

the study of the structure and form of body parts.

Physiology

the study of the functions of those body parts.

Physiology (example)

A researcher measures how fast a person's heart beats during exercise.

Anatomy (example)

A surgeon studies the arrangement of nerves in the hand before performing a procedure.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter (e.g., carbon, oxygen).

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together (e.g., water, glucose, DNA).

Organelle

Specialized structure inside a cell that performs a function (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus).

Cell

The basic unit of life; smallest structure capable of carrying out all life's processes.

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function (e.g., muscle tissue, nervous tissue).

Organ

A structure made of different tissues working together (e.g., heart, lungs).

Organ system

A group of organs working together to perform a body function (e.g., digestive system, respiratory system).

Organism

A complete living thing (e.g., human, tree, bacteria).

Movement

Change in position; motion of internal parts.

Responsiveness

Reaction to internal or external change.

Growth

Increase in size without change in shape.

Reproduction

Production of new organisms and new cells.

Respiration

Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, releasing energy.

Digestion

Breaking down food into simpler forms.

Absorption

Passage of substances through membranes into body fluids.

Circulation

Movement of substances within body fluids.

Assimilation

Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms.

Excretion

Removal of wastes.

Metabolism

Together they involve all chemical and physical processes by which the body obtains, uses, and releases energy.

Water

One of the five environmental factors required for life.

Food

One of the five environmental factors required for life.

Oxygen

One of the five environmental factors required for life.

Heat

One of the five environmental factors required for life.

Pressure

One of the five environmental factors required for life.

Respiratory System

Exchange gases (O2 in, CO2 out).

Urinary System

Remove wastes, regulate water & electrolytes.

Reproductive System

Produce offspring.

Cardiovascular System

Transport blood, nutrients, gases.

Digestive System

Break down food, absorb nutrients.

Lymphatic System

Defend against infection.

Endocrine System

Hormonal regulation of body processes.

Nervous System

Detect, process, and respond to stimuli.

Integumentary System

Protect body, regulate temperature.

Muscular System

Movement, posture, heat production.

Skeletal System

Support, protect organs, produce blood cells.

Axial Portion

head, neck, trunk.

Appendicular Portion

limbs.

Dorsal Cavity

cranial cavity (brain), vertebral canal (spinal cord).

Ventral Cavity

thoracic (heart, lungs), abdominopelvic (digestive organs, kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs).

Visceral Membrane

covers organs.

Parietal Membrane

lines body cavity wall.

Pleural

lungs

Pericardial

heart

Peritoneal

abdominal organs

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

toward the back

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

closer to trunk/point of attachment

Distal

farther from trunk/point of attachment

Superficial

toward surface

Deep

away from surface

Sagittal

divides left and right

Coronal (frontal)

divides anterior and posterior

Transverse (horizontal)

divides superior and inferior

Cephalic

head

Cervical

neck

Thoracic

chest

Abdominal

abdomen

Pelvic

pelvis

Brachial

arm

Antebrachial

forearm

Femoral

thigh

Crural

leg

Lumbar

lower back

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes; essential to keep body functions within survival limits.

Receptor

detects change (e.g., skin receptors sensing temperature)

Control Center

processes info, directs response (e.g., brain/hypothalamus)

Effector

carries out response (e.g., sweat glands, muscles, blood vessels)

Negative feedback

returns conditions to normal (most common)

Positive feedback

amplifies change, moves further from normal (less common)