3. main motives of motivation

3. main motives of motivation

2 types of motives

• primary motives

• secondary motives

Primary motives

• Hunger

• Thirst

• Sex

• Sleep

Secondary motives

• Achievement.

• Motivation for power.

• Motivation for affiliation.

• Motivation for help.

Motives

• are internal forces that activate & energize the organism

• directing it toward a specific goal

Primary / biological motives

• internal

• ensures survival

• all human beings & animals (genetic components)

• manifests independently of social & cultural influences

• are not learned

• based on physiological mechanisms

 Two fundamental concepts associated with primary motives

• homeostasis

• needs

homeostasis

• variables of internal environment must remain constant → toward a state of equilibrium.  

Need

Condition within the person that is essential & necessary for life, growth & well-being.

Need can be 

• nurtured & satisfied 

• neglected & frustrated 

A need that is nurtured & satisfied 

Well being is maintained & enhanced.

Need that is neglected & frustrated 

• Our physical & psychological wellbeing gets altered.

Secondary / social motives 

• external 

The homeostatic mechanism function

• To monitor & regulate the body’s internal state to maintain balance using neural, endocrine, & physiological mechanisms.

What are the intraorganismic mechanisms?

• Neural, endocrine, & physiological mechanisms

• that monitor & regulate the homeostatic state.

What happens if internal conditions are too low?

A physiological need generates a “drive” to restore balance.

What happens if internal conditions are too high?

Negative feedback systems signal satiety, reducing drive.

What are extraorganismic mechanisms?

• Cognitive, environmental, social, & cultural factors

• that influence motivation & regulate drive externally.

How do extraorganismic mechanisms affect drive?

They can either increase or decrease drive depending on external influences.

What are the two types of mechanisms involved in homeostatic regulation?

• Intraorganismic mechanisms (internal, physiological)

• Extraorganismic mechanisms (external, psychological/social)

What role does negative feedback play in homeostasis?

It signals when a need has been met (satiety), reducing the drive to act.

 Model of need-drive-behavior

1. Satiated state

2. Physiological deprivation develops gradually

3. Prolonged physiological deprivation produces bodily need

4. Need intensifies gives rise to psychological drive

5. Need intensifies: gives rise to psychological drive

6. Goal-directed motivated behaviour occurs as attempt to gratify drive

7. Consummatory behaviour occurs

8. Drive is reduced

Secondary motives

• External

• Learned

• typical of our species

• develop through experiences & social interaction

Secondary motives are acquired through

• Socialization process & are typically pursued once primary needs have been satisfied.