Studied by 89 people
What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather is day to day and short term, Climate is a timeline of patterns made by the temperature from previous years.
Global Climate System
hint: heat in the biosphere.
the total amount of solar energy retained in the biosphere as heat, and by the unequal distribution of that heat between the equator and the poles.
Solar energy and the greenhouse effect
Solar energy/sunlight partially reflected back into space, partially getting trapped in the Earth's atmosphere, and the rest getting absorbed into the Earth, creating heat.
greenhouse effect
inferred radiation getting trapped within the atmosphere, also keeps earths temperatures within a habitable range.
gasses in the greenhouse effect
Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, ground level or trospheric ozone, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons.
Latitude and Solar Energy
Solar radiation strikes the earth's surface at different angles that vary from place to place, season to season. Near the equator sunlight is consistent throughout the year.
Latitude and Solar Energy
Not all places with the same latitude will have the same temp. some things like winds, mountain ranges, ocean currents and large bodies of water.
global winds
Unequal heating leads to winds and ocean currents. Heated air expands, becomes less dense, and rises. As air expands/rises, it moves north and south, losing heat along the way. Air becomes more dense and sinks. Cold air in the poles also sinking. The rising and sinking of air creates winds.
ocean currents
patterns of warming and cooling, wind, and the loacation of continents are all things that can cause ocean currents.
deep ocean currents
cooler water from deeper water rises to replace the warmer nutrient depleted surface water.
6 levels of organizations
biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, individual.
What is ecology?
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
Gathering ecological data
1. Observation
2. Experimentation
3. Modeling
biotic factors
all living things in an environment
abiotic factors
all nonliving lings in an environment
Examples of global systems
Atmosphere, Geosphere, Hydrosphere
Causes of Global Change
Human and non-human events that drive global systems(atmosphere,hydrosphere,geosphere)
What can we messure in the Earth System?
Hydrosphere, Geosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
What does the Earths system mean?
It represents the Earth's events, processes, and cycles.
Chemistry
The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
building blocks of matter
atoms
Atoms
the smallest possible unit in which matter can be divided while still maintaining its properties. Atoms can bond together to make molecules.
Element
a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
What are the 6 elements essential for living
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Carbon
can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 atoms, with makes it the ideal element for forming complex molecules.
Tetravalence
A molecule branching off in four directions; carbon is an example of this, a quality allowing it to be extremely versatile
organic compounds
compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
How are Macromolecules formed?
A very large organic molecule (polymers) composed of many smaller molecules (monomers)
Inorganic
Does not contain carbon
How are macromolecules formed?
Many small monomers form to make one large polymer.
What is ATP used for?
Energy for cells to build large cells like macromolecules.
Energy from ATP
Comes from breaking bonds from phosphate groups. the energy released is also used to power the cell's metabolism.
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
Carbohydrates function
Broken down to glucose to provide energy. main source of energy and some plants and animals use it for structural purposes.
What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates
Monomer: monosaccharide (multiple simple sugar untis)
Polymer: polysaccharide (1 large sugar unit)
nucleic acid function
store and transmit genetic information
nucleic acid monomer and polymer
Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: DNA/RNA
What do nucleotides consist of?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Lipids function
long term energy storage
lipids monomer and polymer
fatty acids and triglycerides
phospholipids
creates cell membranes around lipid molecules, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a non-polar, hydrophobic tail.
Proteins function
1. Storage
2. Transport
3. To regulate body functions
4. Movement
5. Structural
6. Enzymes/Speed up chemical reactions
7. Immune
proteins monomer and polymer
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptide
Why do lipids not dissolve in water?
lipids are nonpolar and water is polar
Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic- water fearing; the observed tendency of nonpolar substances to reject polar melecules including things like oil. Hydrophilic- water loving: things that absorb into water like salt.
Cohesion of water
Water is cohesive; Cohesion holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water, Since water is attracted to other molecules, adhesive forces pull the water toward other molecules.
Cohesion
Positive charge of hydrogen and attracts the negative charge oxygen of another water molecule.
Adhesion
water sticks to other molecules
properties of water
1) water serves as a transport for many different molecules
2)water makes up 75-90% of an organism
3) Polar Molecule- one side negative, 1 side positive
4)Attract ions as well as other polar molecules - so that it can dissolve stuff
5)Because water dissolves so many solids, liquids, and gases, it is known as the "universal solvent."
surface tension
a thin layer on top of a body of water that seems to be solid.
capilary action
when liquid goes up a narrow tub against the force of gravity
Why are some organisms called producers? What is another name for a producer?
Some organisms are called producers because they produce their own food/energy. These are also called autotrophs.
What is the function of photosynthesis?
Turns energy from the sun into oxygen and sugar, giving the plant nutrients
What is chlorophyll?
green pigment found in chloroplast
What are chloroplasts?
what makes plants green
In which two parts of the chloroplast does photosynthesis take place?
the thylakoid and the stroma
What are thylakoids?
saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
Identify the chemical reaction of photosynthesis
6CO2 +6H2O—>C6H12O6+6O2
explain what the equation of photosynthesis means
6 carbon+6 water---->(light) glucose+ 6 oxygen
What are light-dependent reactions? What are Light Independent reactions?
Light-dependent reactions require light because they depend on light, light-independent reactions do not depend on light
What are the differences between light dependent vs light independent reactions?
light dependent depends on light and photosynthesis, and light independent doesnt depend on photosynthesis.
determine the four steps of photosynthesis that take place in the chloroplast.
Energy from the sunlight is absorbed into the membrane/chloroplast.
In the thylakoid, ATP transfers energy.
Carbon dioxide molecules are used to make sugar
it goes through the stroma and outputs 6 simple sugar molecules.
what happens to create photosynthesis?
Light is put together with carbon dioxide and water to make photosynthesis.
The prefix chloro‐ means "green" and the suffix -phyll means "leaf". How are these meanings related to chlorophyll?
the chlorophyll makes the plant look green since it reflects green off the leaf.
prokaryotic cell
bacteria cells; Doesn't have a nucleus; unicellular
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus; animal and plant cells; multicellular
What is the cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells
What is the function of the cell membrane?
to control what enters and leaves the cell to maintain homeostasis.
What do proteins do in the cell membrane
form pumps and channels so that certain things can pass through the cell membrane. (TRANSPORT)
What do carbohydrates do in the cell membrane
They serve as form of identification outside of the cell
What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane?
stabilizes the membrane and maintains the integrity of the cell
Phospholipids in cell membrane
The phosphate head is attracted to water-hydrophilic (H2O loving)Fatty acid tails are repelled by water-hydrophobic (H2O fearing) Phosphate heads group together on the outside and lipid tails group together inside. Called a bi-layer: 2 layers!!
semipermeable
membranes that allow some substances through but not others
Proteins in Membrane: Transportation
proteins "float" in the membrane. Provide support and transport certain molecules across the cell. Proteins are shape specific, things that match it's shape can be transported.
what is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C6H1206 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Cellular respiration
releases stored energy from glucose or carbs to convert it into usable energy like ATP to power the organism’s metabolism.
Metabolism
all the chemical reactions in an organism that give it life, metabolism requires constant energy (ATP)
what is a calorie?
a unit of energy that powers an organism’s metabolism.
Where do kilocalories come from?
The food an organism eats is broken down by the digestive system into the basic parts, macromolecules.
Anaerobic respiration
No oxygen required, creates some ATP
Aerobic respiration
oxygen required, creates more ATP than Anaerobic
What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?(steps)
Glycolysis
-breaks down gluclose, pyruvate, and ATP made, occurs in the cytoplasm
krebs cycle
-breaks down pyruvate into CO2, ATP made, occurs in the matrix
Electron Transport chain
-oxygen used, ATP and H2O made, occurs in the cristae
where do the different steps of cellular respiration occur?
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm/ outside the mitochondria
Krebs cycle:The matrix of the mitochondria
The ETC: the cristae of the mitochondria
What does glycolysis do/ what is it?
Glyco = Glucose lysis = Breakdown.
gluclose molecules are broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules (molecule that helps with metabolism, has three carbon molecules)
doesn’t require oxygen and produces ATP and electron carriers.
What happens after glycolysis if oxygen is present?
If O2 is present, there is a lot of energy in the pyruvate molecules that can be harvested into the krebs cycle and ETC.
If O2 isn’t present, the energy from the pyruvate needs to be used to recycle the carriers so that glycolysis can continue in the cell. AKA FERMENTATION
What happens after glycolysis if oxygen isn’t present?
The mitochondria
After glycolysis, pyruvic acid is modified and enters the mitochondria.
ATP is produced, this is why the mitochondria is called the powerhouse of the cell.
The krebs cycle
After a series of reactions occur, a pyruvate gets broken down into CO2. The main purpose is to generate electron carriers for the ETC. ATP is made.
Electron transport chain
ATP and H2O, are produced and oxygen is used.
EVERY STEP in an aerobic respiration cycle.
where do we get ATP?
What is an independent variable? (y)
the variable that is being changed by you
What is a dependent variable? (x)
what you’re measuring
What are the steps in scientific method?
ask a question
do background research
construct a hypothesis
test w/ and experiment
procedure working?
(if yes) analyze data and make conclusions
draw conclusions
Describe the difference between qualitative and quantitative data.
Qualitative is descriptions like “the apple tree” and quantitative is numbers like “the apple tree has 8 apples”
Why is Carbon so good at building complex molecules?
its trivalent
What is the difference between a solvent and solute?
a solvent is the thing that is dissolving the solute (ex, solvent in hot cocoa would be the milk and the solute would be the cocoa powder.
what is homeostasis
cells keeping your body levels normal. ex: a normal body temp
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Explain how osmosis works.
What are the 8 characteristics of all living organisms?
has cells
has a metabolism
keeps homeostasis
reproduction
grows and develops
adapts to its environment
has DNA
evolves
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