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social stratification is based on social economic status
Ascribed status
attributes you are born with
is involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as age, gender, and skin color.
Achieved status
acquired through direct, individual efforts.
social class
category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics.
The three main social classes are
upper
middle
lower class.
These groups also have similar lifestyles, job opportunities, attitudes, and behaviors.
Prestige
respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations.
Power
the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments. It often depends on the unequal distribution of valued resources. Power differentials create social inequality.
anomie
is a state of normlessness. Anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation.
social capital
investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. Social networks, either situational or positional, are one of the most powerful forms of social capital and can be achieved through establishing strong and weak social ties.
meritocracy
a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement.
social mobility
one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience. Social mobility can either occur in a positive upward direction or a negative downward direction depending on whether one is promoted or demoted in status.
poverty
socioeconomic condition. In the United States, the poverty line is determined by the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life.
can be absolute or relative
social reproduction
refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next.
absolute poverty
when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food, clothing, and water.
relative poverty
when one is poor in comparison to a larger population.
social exclusion
a sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society.
may arise from individuals who are poor or disadvantaged from society
spatial inequality
a form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines.
Urban areas tend to have more diverse economic opportunities and more ability for social mobility than rural areas. Urban areas also tend to have more neighborhoods that are low-income and racially and ethnically underrepresented than do rural areas.
Formation of higher-income suburbs is a common occurrence, and is due in part to the limited mobility of lower-income groups in urban centers.
environmental injustice
refers to an uneven distribution of environmental hazards in communities.
Lower-income neighborhoods may lack the social and political power to prevent the placement of environmental hazards in their neighborhoods.
globalization
has led to further inequalities in space, food and water, energy, housing, and education as the production of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets. This has led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations.
incidence
is calculated as the number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time: for example, new cases per 1000 at-risk people per year.
incidence = new cases/ population at risk/ time
prevalence
is calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time: for example, cases per 1000 people per year.
prevalence = total cases/ total population/ time
morbidity
burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease
mortality
refers to deaths caused by a given disease.
Health
is dependent on geographic, social, and economic factors.
second sickness
refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice.
intergeneration mobility
refers to changes in social status from parents to children
intragenerational mobility
changes in social status that happen within a person’s lifetime
plutocracy
rule by the upper classes
vertical mobility
movement from one social class to another
upward mobility
positive change in a person’s social status resulting in a higher social status
downward mobility
fall to a lower position,
horizontal mobility
change in occupation/ lifestyle that keeps the individual within the same social class
structural poverty
based on the concept of “holes“ in the structure of society being more responsible for the individual’s cause for poverty
poverty line
derived from the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirement for families to acquire the minimum necessities for life
suburbanisation
people move from rural to urban areas
A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities
urban decay
a previously functional portion of city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over in time
urban renewal
city land is reclaimed and renovated for public or public houses
gentrificaiton
A shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values; often resulting in poorer residents being displaced by wealthier newcomers.
world system theory
categorises countries and emphasises the inequalities of the division of labor at the global level
core nations
focus on higher skills and higher paying production
peripheral nations
provide lower skill production, less developed countries that are economically dependent on core countries.
semi-peripheral nations
midway, these nations work towards becoming core nations
welfare state
a system of government that protects the health and well-being of its citizens
medicare
covers patients over the age of 65
mediaid
covers patients who are in significant financial aid