Land Plants

Characters

Any heritable trait possessed by an organism

Monophyletic Group

Ancestor and all descendants

Paraphyletic Group

Missing 1+ descendants

Polyphyletic Group

Missing an ancestor

Efficiency

Cost of digestion

Photosynthesis

The ability to make sugars from H2O + CO2 + E from the sun

Embryophyte

Any photosynthetic eukaryote that can survive and reproduce on land

Embryo

Multicellular organism derived through mitosis from a zygote

Gametangia

Sex cells of a plant

Archedonia

Female reproductive organs (gametangia) of a plant

Antheridia

Male reproductive organs (gametangia) of a plant

Cladogram

Dichotomously branching tree diagram built from a series of nested clades (monoplyletic group)

Clade

Group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Branches

Pop/lineage moving through time

Nodes

Part of cladogram where lineages separate at each node, populations combine to evolve and acquire new and different traits

Symplesiomorphy

Shared ancestral trait

Synapomorphy

Shared derived trait (used to identify clades)

Homologies

Similar traits present in organisms due to descent from common ancestor (inherited)

Homoplasy

Similar traits due to conversion evolution

Sister Group

Closest relatives to a given group in a cladogram

Gametophyte

Multicellular, haploid generation that contains specialized structures to produce gametes

Sporophyte

Multicellular, diploid generation that contains specialized structures to produce spores

Protoplast

Collective protoplasm throughout plant body

Cytoplasm

Living part of the cell excluding nucleus

Cytosol

Matrix of cytoplasm within which all organelles are suspended (nitrogen rich)

Cell Sap

Solution inside vacuole (H2O rich)

Vacuoles

Contribute to cell rigidity and growth, tonoplast + cell sap, about 90% of cell volume

Turgor Pressure

Force within cell that pushes cell membrane against cell wall caused by osmotic flow of H2O into vacuole

Plastid

General term for a group of organelles unique to plants (chloroplasts is one type)

Chloroplast Pigments

Chlorophyll A and B (reflect green light)

Chromoplast Pigments

Carotenoids, carotenes reflect orange light and xanthophylls reflect yellow light

Leucoplasts

Colourless plastids

Amyloplasts

Type of leucoplast that stores starch (in roots)

Elaioplasts

Type of leucoplast that stores lipids (seeds, anthers)

Etioplasts

Light deprived chloroplasts in suspension (happens when no light)

Alkaloids

Secondary metabolites (morphene, cocaine, nicotine)

Terpenes

Secondary metabolites (essential oils, taxol, rubber)

Phenols

Secondary metabolites (salycilic acid, tannins, lignin)

Cell wall

Encapsulates a conundrum

Cell wall rigid support

Prevents plasma membrane from rupturing under turgor pressure

Glycosides

Secondary metabolites (cardiac glycosides)

Cell wall flexible support

Cells expand cell wall to 100 - 1000x in length when developing

Cell wall selective barrier

Communication, antimicrobial, H2O impermeable if lignified

Cellulose

Chains of linked glucose molecules

Microfibrils

Formed by cellulose with crystalline lattice regions (micelles)

Macrofibrils

Formed by cellulose, numerous microfibrils linked together

Hemicellulose

Polysaccharide that binds to cellulose (forms in Golgi apparatus and is carried to site of cell wall formation in secretary vesicles)

Pectin

Polysaccharide that is hydrophilic and plastic (not rigid)

Glycoproteins

Sugar proteins that allow cell wall to extend

Middle lamella

Very pectin rich layer in cell wall

Primary wall (1°)

Forms in cells that are actively growing, between plasma membrane and middle lamella

Where is pectin found?

Primary wall

Where are glycoproteins found?

Primary wall

Where is cellulose found?

Primary and secondary walls

Where is hemicellulose found?

Primary and secondary cell walls

Where is lignin found?

Secondary cell wall

Are primary cell walls LAM or DAM

LAM

Are secondary cell walls LAM or DAM

DAM

Plasmodesmata

Holes in cell wall (40nm in diameter)

Pit Field

Cluster of 30-60 plasmodesmata

Pits

Gap in secondary cell wall that extend from pit-field

Pit membrane

Formed from middle lamella in primary cell wall, plasmodesmata of 2 adjacent cells

Pit parts

Two opposing pits and pit membranes

Meristem

Regions of actively dividing cells

Initial meristem

Continuously dividing cells (undifferentiated)

Derivative (Primary) meristems

Ground maritems (bulk), protoderm (outside “skin”), procambium (“plumbing” circulatory)

Apical

At the end

Parenchyma Characteristics

Many sided, thin walled (usually only primary cell wall), never lignified, LAM, occur in masses

Chlorenchyma

Specialized parenchyma fir photosynthesis, found immediately beneath epidermis

Anthoceratophyta

This phyla has no vascular tissue and no seeds, but unlike mosses and liverworts, its sporophyte grow as a single undifferentiated “horn”

Coniferophyta

This phyla has vascular tissue and seeds but no flowers. Many (but not all) of the plants within this phyla are trees; its seeds are most often borne in hard, woody structures called “cones”

What term is missing here?

Mitosis

What term is missing here?

Mitosis

What term is missing here?

Sangamy

What term is missing here?

Mitosis

What term is missing here?

Meiosis

What term is missing here?

Gametophyte

What term is missing here?

Sporophyte

What term is missing here?

Apical meristem

What term is missing here?

Ground meristem

What term is missing here?

Procambium

What term is missing here?

Protoderm

What term is missing here?

Ground tissue

What term is missing here?

Vascular tissue

What term is missing here?

Epidermal tissue

What term is missing here?

Protoderm

What term is missing here?

Apical Meristem

What term is missing here?

Leaf Primordia

What term is missing here?

Procambium

What term is missing here?

Ground Meristem

What term is missing here?

Ground Meristem

What term is missing here?

Procambium

What term is missing here?

Protoderm

What term is missing here?

Apical Meristem

What term is missing here?

Root Cap

What term is missing here?

Stem

What term is missing here?

Root

What type of tissue is xylem?

Collenchyma

What terIm is missing here?

Xylem

What term is missing here?

Subepidermal collenchyma