Islamic Political Fragmentation in the Abbasid Dynasty

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9 Terms

1
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Merchants were highly respected

  • Umayyads and Abbasids built caravanserai to protect traveling merchants

  • x

  • Turks converted to Sunni Islam due to merchants and caravanserai

2
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The use of mamluks in the Abbasid dynasty

  • Buyids (khalifa’s advisors) get mamluks and dominate Persia, ignore khalifa

  • x

  • decentralization

  • regional governors get mamluks and become ind. rulers

  • Mamluk leader becomes sultan

  • Ghaznavid sultan relies on mamluks

3
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Seljuk conversion in Islam

  • The Byz. emperors attack the Seljuks

  • Seljuks unite as a powerful Mus. army under their sultan

  • x

  • mid 11th cent: Seljuks dominate Mid. East and control Baghdad and Ab. khalifas

  • Ghaznavids and Buyids fall

4
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Seljuks defeat Byzantines

  • Byz. empire enlists Pope’s help

  • late 11th: Pope launches 1st crusade

  • x

  • W. European crusaders attack Byz., Jerusalem, but not the Seljuks

  • Byz. is weaker

5
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Saladin and his Ayyubid successors use mamluks

  • assassination of Ayyubid heir → start of Mamluk sultanate

  • x

  • Mamluks defeat Mongols, crusaders; protected Mecca and khalifas

6
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Climate of the steppes prevented agriculture

  • Nomads relied on animals

    • wool for yurts (large nomadic tents)

    • fermented mare’s milk → yumiss (alcoholic drink)

  • relied on trade → prominence in tr. networks

7
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Women had higher status in nomadic societies than in agricultural ones

  • women would occasionally be regents or rulers

  • played considerable economic roles

8
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Islam was introduced to Turks

  • earliest converts were those captured in Abbasid border raids

  • Turk. ruling clan Seljuqs convert

  • expansion grew as people were assigned to khans (leaders)

  • X

  • nomadic armies grow imperialistic

9
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A group of Turks invade S. Asia

  • Mahmud of Ghazni led the Ghaznavid Turks in S. Asia raids of plunder

  • 13th cent: Turkish Sultanate of Delhi ruled over N. India

  • Buddhism and Hinduism suffered due to repression, slaughters and destruction of sites

  • 13th: The influence of nomadic peoples (Turks) had changed Eurasia