AP Human Geography Unit#2 (New CED)

Aging population

demographic trend that occurs as the average age of a population rises

Agricultural population density

ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Anti Natalist population policies

policy to discourage people from having children and to reduce the fertility rate of a population

Arithmetic population density

total number of people divided by the total land area

Asylum seekers

people who seek refugee status in another country

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

Carrying capacity

largest population that an environment or resources can support at any given time

Chain migration

migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community

Contraceptive

intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Demographic transition model (DTM)

model of demographic change based on Europe's population in the eighteenth through twentieth centuries

Dependency ratio

number of people under age 15 and over age 64 (the dependent population) compared to the number of people active in the labor force (the independent population)

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Forced migration

human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate due to environmental, cultural, or political factors

Guest worker

foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

internally displaced persons

people forcibly driven from their homes into a different part of their country

Internal migration

permanent movement within a particular country

Interregional migration

permanent movement from one region of a country to another region

Intervening opportunities/obstacles

environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration, or a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than their original one

Intraregional migration

permanent movement within one region of a country

Life expectancy

figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Malthusian Theory

argues that starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

Neo-Malthusians

people who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources

Physiological population density

number of people per unit area of arable land

Population density

measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Population distribution

how population is spread out in an area

Population-doubling time

number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase

Population pyramids

bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Pro Natalist population policies

policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining

Push/pull factors

a force which acts to drive people away from a place and a force that draws them to a new location

Rate of natural increase

annual rate of population growth

Ravenstein's laws of migration

list of 11 laws about why people migrate and the regularities observed

Refugees

people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Rural-to-urban migration

permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area, usually in developing countries

Sex ratio

ratio of males to females in a population

Slavery

system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people

Step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime

Transhumance

movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer

Transnational migration

process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain/build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

Voluntary migrations

when people wish to move because they wish to improve their economic or social wellbeing and/or gain personal freedom

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

gravity model of migration

Inverse relationship between volume of migration and distance from source & destination

Movement

an act of changing physical location for short periods of time, or daily activities