Chapter 9 - Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism (Bartling) 낱말 카드

Energy/calorie value of fuels is calculated by ______.

Complete burning of that fuel (oxidation)

More reduced fuels means a higher or lower calorie/g?

Higher

What term describes the maximal amount of energy that can be obtained from a reaction at constant temperature and pressure (the usual conditions for chemical reactions in a cell)?

Gibbs free energy

What is the mathematical equation used to calculate Gibbs free energy?

free energy content of the final state minus the free energy content of the initial state (Gf-Gi=deltaG)

If concentration of A>B at equilibrium, conversion from A --> B unfavorable and Gibbs free energy is positive or negative?

Positive

If concentration of A B favorable and Gibbs free energy is positive or negative?

Negative

Thermodynamically unfavorable biosynthetic reactions can be made favorable by coupling reactions with...

Hydrolysis of high energy compounds (ATP)

The inner-mitochondrial membrane is ____________ to most ions and small molecules such as ATP, protons, etc. without carrier proteins.

Impermeable

The inner-mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to most ions and small molecules such as ATP, protons, etc. without ____________.

Carrier proteins

The inner-mitochondrial membrane contains components of _______________.

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the process of coupling oxidation of reduced nucleotide coenzymes to synthesis of ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What are the main coenzymes of oxidative phosphorylation?

NAD+, FAD, FMD

The oxidation of reduced nucleotides produces a large amount of free energy that can be conserved in ATP via the _____________.

ETC

The outer mitochondrial membrane is __________ to ions and many proteins.

Permeable

Where is the ETC located?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

In __________, NADH binds to FMN and reoxidizes to NAD+, transferring 2 electrons.

Complex I

Electrons are transferred via a series of iron-sulfur clusters and finally to __________.

Coenzyme Q10/ubiquinone

Electron flow changes the redox state of the protein, altering pKa values of ionizable side chains and causes how many hydrogen ions to be pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix?

4

How many electrons does ubiquinone (CoQ) accept?

2

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is caused by a single nucleotide change in the mitochondrial DNA mutating arginine to histidine in __________.

Complex I

____________ is a separate starting point and is not part of the NADH pathway.

Complex II

Ubiquinone transports electrons from complex I to ____________.

Complex III

In _________, cytochrome c is oxidized and conducts electrons through cytochrome's a and a3.

Complex III

Oxygen is reduced to water in a ___ electron transfer reaction. The ___ H+ are pumped across the membrane.

4

This series of hydrogen pump steps creates a gradient, the potential energy of this gradient is used by ___________.

ATP synthase

ATP syntahse is used to make ATP from _____ and _____.

ADP and Pi

Complex IV is important because failure to synthesize adequate amounts of ________________ and other enzymes can lead to problems

Cytochrome c oxidase

What are problems caused from a lack of cytochrome c oxidase?

Cardiomyopathy and Leigh's disease

Cyanide Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when CN-/CO binds to _________, rendering it unfunctional.

Complex IV

In Cyanide Carbon monoxide poisoning, cells switch to _________, resulting in lactic acidosis and eventually death.

Anaerobic metabolism

Complex V uses the H+ gradient to power the ____________.

ATP synthase complex

Complex V/ATP synthase complex has what two components?

F0 and F1

F0 is referred to as the _________.

Motor

F1 is referred to as the ________.

Generator

What makes up the F1 complex?

3 subunits with 3 alpha-beta dimers and 1 gamma

The catalytic activity occurs on the ________ subunit.

Beta

Each turn of the ATP synthase complex produces how much ATP?

3

The complete loss of ATP synthase is not compatible with ______.

Life

Generally, oxidation and phosphorylation are __________.

Tightly coupled

The mitochondria can become partially ________.

Uncoupled ("leaky")

When the mitochondria becomes uncoupled, this means that oxidation proceeds without the production of what?

ATP

_____________ are endogenous and regulated by hormones

Protein uncouplers

Protein uncouplers release energy in the form of ______ instead of ATP.

Heat