Earth Science Video Notes - Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Flashcards

The process of metamorphism does not __ the rocks, but instead transforms them.

melt

New minerals are created either by rearrangement of mineral components or by with fluids that enter the rocks.

reactions

Pressure or temperature can even change previously metamorphosed rocks into new .

types

Metamorphic rocks are often , smeared out, and folded.

squished

Despite these uncomfortable conditions, metamorphic rocks do not get hot enough to melt, or they would become rocks.

igneous

Most mineral resources are Earth materials.

non-renewable

The Philippines currently ranks in gold, fourth in copper, fifth in nickel, and sixth in chromite deposits in the world based on landmass.

third

The grade of the mineral reflects its value.

economic value

Open-pit mining is the most common type of surface mining where ore or minerals are extracted from an open pit or borrow. It appears like a terrace or may take the shape of a .

spiral or terrace

The mineral being extracted by strip mining is very near the land surface but may be covered with layers of earth, rock, or .

vegetation

Mountaintop removal mining devastates the landscape, turning areas that should be lush with forests and wildlife into barren .

moonscapes

Highwall mining makes long parallel rectangular in front of the exposed seam.

drives

Underground mining involves digging or shafts at greater depths to reach hard mineral deposits.

tunnels

Mineral processing includes crushing, grinding, , and washing.

separation

Some metals present in ore are oxides or sulfides, depending on their chemical properties. The metal needs to be to its metallic form through chemical processing such as smelting.

reduced

From exploration to the processing and recovery of minerals, all of the land, water and air in and near the extraction area is affected by the destruction and the generated from various complex activities of mining.

waste

Soil Erosion. When topsoil is removed, the land becomes devoid of .

vegetation

Dust. Excavations and movement of equipment generate a great deal of .

dust

Disturbance and displacement of organisms. The abrupt introduction of machines and equipment may disturb the balance in the environment and may force the migration of organisms. - habitat lose up to .

habitat

Contamination of soils, surface water, and groundwater by chemicals. Most minerals contain heavy metals which are toxic to organisms.

chemicals

Loss of valuable land. In large-scale mining, additional space is needed for the storage of debris, waste materials, and excavated .

soil

Coal is formed from plant material that has been subjected to heat and .

pressure

Crude Oil or petroleum was formed from remains of marine animals and plants that lived millions of years ago that accumulated on the sea bottom and went through geologic forces and formations - similar to the process of .

thermal maturation

Natural gas is also formed from fossil remains. Natural gases are formed when layers of decomposing organic material are exposed to higher temperature and .

pressure

Propane is a by-product of petroleum and natural gas refining. Technically, it's one type of LP gas. Propane finds use for cooking and powering buses, recreational vehicles, taxis, and boats. It's a gas.

LP

Kerosene or paraffin is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons made from .

petroleum

LNG: LNG consists of methane and ethane from natural gas that is cooled to make a non-pressurized liquid. LNG fuels some locomotives, ships, and high-horsepower engines. - LNG is a non-pressurized .

liquid

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) consists of methane and ethane from natural gas that is cooled to make a non-pressurized liquid. LNG fuels some locomotives, ships, and high-horsepower engines. - LNG is a non-pressurized liquid. Fill in the blank: LNG is a non-pressurized .

liquid

LP gas accounts for around 3% of all energy currently consumed. LP gas stands for gas.

liquefied petroleum

Butane is a gas dissolved in crude oil. It's used as a fuel, aerosol propellant, gasoline additive, and as a key ingredient in synthetic .

rubber

Gasoline or petrol is a flammable liquid made from fractional distillation of .

petroleum

Diesel is any liquid fuel made for diesel engines. It is a distillate of .

petroleum

Fossil fuels aren’t renewable. They’re .

non-renewable

Burning fossil fuels dumps huge amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air, driving global warming. This makes their use a major contributor to .

climate change or global warming

Obtaining and refining fossil fuels damages ecosystems. Uneras, unearthing and transporting fossil fuels disrupts landscapes and can release toxic wastes into the environment. This is a problem for and ecosystems.

habitats or ecosystems

Burning fossil fuels leads to air pollution. Some refined fuels burn cleanly, but others produce soot and harmful combustion products. This causes air .

pollution

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, water, waves, tides, biomass, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy is also known as energy sources.

alternative or clean

Biomass refers to the biological or plant and animal material used as for electricity, fuel, and heat.

fuel

Most electricity generated from biomass is produced by direct .

combustion

Biomass energy sources include food wastes and other organic residues that can be converted to energy. These are often referred to as biomass .

resources or fuels

Energy plants are crops specifically grown for energy production. They include sugarcane, corn, sugar beets and grains. They are grown because they have a high yield of dry material and contain , both of which are combustible.

ethanol or energy content

Hydroelectric power is the energy obtained from converting the kinetic energy of fast moving water into .

electricity

Waterfalls, running rivers, tidal power, and ocean waves are good options for hydroelectric power. In some cases, water is collected in a dam or reservoir and allowed to flow on a steep slope to harness water energy. The water released drives a turbine that produces .

electricity

Wind energy is the energy harnessed from the flow of the .

air

Wind turbines work on a simple principle: wind turns the blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a that generates electricity.

generator

Wind turbines convert wind into electricity; the power is transmitted through high voltage lines to a for distribution.

transformer or grid

Solar energy is the converted energy derived from the sun. Solar energy reaches the Earth as light and heat, but to use it effectively, we rely on PV panels or mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. Solar energy is and dispersed.

intermittent

Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be stored in batteries or storage.

thermal

Geothermal energy is the energy harnessed from the heat coming from Earth. The deepest sources reach temperatures near molten rock or magma. Geothermal energy can be used for direct heating or to generate .

electricity

Geothermal power plants use steam to produce electricity. The steam comes from reservoirs of hot water found a few miles below the earth's surface. The steam rotates a turbine that activates a , which produces electricity.

generator

About 70% of Earth's surface is covered with water; a large portion is saltwater and not readily usable for human needs. The oceans hold about 6.5% of all Earth’s water. This makes freshwater a relatively small fraction of the total. The amount of freshwater accessible for human use is about % of all Earth's water.

3

There is a small amount of water, about % available for human use.

1

Groundwater represents about % of the world’s readily available freshwater source.

90

Rivers that are useful are those that are flowing, so that replenishment is .

apparent or constant

Reservoirs or lakes may lose water due to evaporation or seepage. This loss should be considered in planning; the losses are termed .

evaporation

Groundwater is pumped up to the surface through wells.

pumping

Water with high amounts of natural minerals and chemicals are called water.

hard

Groundwater near coastal plains may be brackish or .

saline or saline water

Desalination is the process of removing dissolved from water.

salts

Groundwater is an important source of water for small-scale .

use

With the increase in withdrawals of groundwater, the quality of groundwater has been continuously .

deteriorating

Soil is the thin top layer of Earth’s .

crust

Arable land is land that can be for crop production.

cultivated

In the Philippines, only % of the total land area is suited for agriculture.

41

FAO defines arable land includes land under temporary .

crops

Soil conservation practices include enhancing organic matter content of .

soils

Avoid excessive to protect soil structure.

tillage

Apply proper management to avoid harming soils and water systems.

pest

Prevent soil to maintain pore space in soils.

compaction

Maintain a ground to protect soils from erosion.

cover

The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products is often called the '.'

3Rs or three Rs

A compost is a mixture of organic wastes (such as vegetable scraps and grass clippings) that is combined with .

soil

A sanitary landfill is the disposal site for wastes that are not removed from segregation and sorting.

final

A clay barrier and a liner at the bottom help prevent seepage of chemicals into the ground.

plastic

A leachate collecting pipe directs leachate to a treatment plant. This pipe helps manage runoff from the landfill.

leachate

Among the gases produced in decomposing wastes, % is methane, which can be captured for energy.

50

An STP comprises two treatment processes: Primary sewage treatment and sewage treatment.

secondary

Primary sewage treatment uses large screens to physically separate solid particles from the liquid. This is part of the stage.

primary

Secondary sewage treatment uses bacteria or other microorganisms and an system to treat dissolved organic matter.

aeration

The sludge that settles in wastewater treatment consists of living and dead and their waste products.

microorganisms

Gaseous emissions from industrial activities can be treated with filters or detoxification processes, especially in chimneys or other sources of air pollutants. This helps to reduce emissions.

toxic or air

In cars, using converters improves emissions by reducing CO, NOx, and VOCs.

catalytic

Carpooling, public transport, or biking can greatly reduce air .

pollution

Burning leaves in the backyard releases toxic chemicals like .

dioxins

Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) include aerosols and .

CFCs

The three Rs are Reduce, Reuse, and .

Recycle

Desalination is the process of removing dissolved from water.

salts

The land distribution for arable use in the Philippines shows 41% of total land area suited for agriculture, with 18.2% being .

arable

Industrial waste management often emphasizes the segregation of solid wastes at source and the 3Rs.

3Rs

The use of biomass energy typically involves direct of biomass in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam that drives a turbine.

combustion

Hydro-energy is captured when water is collected and directed to spin a turbine using a dam or reservoir; the turbine then drives a to generate electricity.

generator

Wind turbines convert the energy of moving air into electricity by turning blades that rotate a .

rotor

Solar panels or mirrors concentrate solar radiation to generate electricity or to store energy in .

batteries

Geothermal energy can be used for direct heating or to generate .

electricity

Desalination is often used to produce water from seawater.

fresh

Groundwater is an important source for small-scale use and is pumped via wells.

pumping

Arable land requires adequate freshwater for irrigation, proper nutrients, suitable temperature, and the right amount of and moisture